OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
| Determinants Factors of Indonesian Banking Asset Growth Period 2014-2023 | 11-26 |
| Burden Sharing: The Role of the Indonesian Parliament Integrating Fiscal and Monetary Policies in The State Budget for Handling Covid-19 | 27-36 |
| The encapsulation of traditional leaders in the onslaught of gender-based violence in their jurisdictions | 37-48 |
| Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa through Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technologies: Addressing Poverty, Education, and Infrastructure Challenges | 49-64 |
| Assessment of RESCO Model for Rooftop Solar in Schools of Delhi, India | 65-76 |
| Gender Equality and Unpaid Jobs | 77-86 |
| Interrogating the Plight of Hidden Contributors: Informal Traders in South Africa’s Premier Tourism Landscapes | 87-100 |
| The Perils and Fatalities: A Deep dive into the Killings of JMPD Officers | 101-112 |
Determinants Factors of Indonesian Banking Asset Growth Period 2014-2023
Akmal Amiruddin 1 *, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Eleonora Sofilda 3 , Dini Hariyanti 4
1 Bank Sentral Republik Indonesia.
2,3,4 Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 11-26, 2025.
Abstract: This study investigates the influence of various banking performance indicators, interest rates, and macroeconomic factors on Indonesia’s banking assets growth. It focuses on two distinct periods: the BUKU period, which refers to the classification of banks based on their business activities and was in effect until September 2021, and the KBMI period, which is based on core capital and was implemented per the regulations outlined in POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2021. The study utilizes data from 95 commercial banks spanning December 2014 to June 2023 and employs static panel data estimation methods, a reliable and widely accepted approach, to evaluate the impact of these variables.
The findings reveal that during the KBMI period, a broader array of variables significantly influences banking asset growth compared to the BUKU period. Specifically, the Common Effects Model (CEM) applied to the KBMI period identifies key influencing variables such as profitability (NIM), liquidity (LDR and LAR), capital adequacy (CAR and CCR), interest rates, inflation, the BI Rate, and the BI Exchange Rate. In contrast, during the BUKU period, the Random Effects Model (REM) suggests that asset quality (NPL), profitability (ROA), liquidity (LAR), efficiency (BOPO), capital (CAR), deposit interest rates, and GDP are the primary drivers of asset growth.
The study’s findings underscore the significant shift in the determinants of banking asset growth between the BUKU and KBMI periods. This shift, from predominantly internal to more external influences, particularly in response to the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, has important implications for the Indonesian banking sector. The reclassification of banks under the KBMI system, in line with the objectives of the POJK, is a strategic move to fortify and sustain economic growth and national stability by promoting banks with robust and competitive capital structures.
Keywords: Asset Growth, Banking, Panel Data Analysis, Bank Performances, BUKU, KBMI
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Burden Sharing: The Role of the Indonesian Parliament Integrating Fiscal and Monetary Policies in The State Budget for Handling Covid-19
Mukhamad Misbakhun 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2 *, Muliaman D. Hadad 3, Eleonora Sofilda 4
1,2,3,4 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 27-36, 2025.
Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic is a crisis that became a global challenge. Dealing with the pandemic cannot be separated from fiscal risks which are reflected in weakening tax revenues, widening primary balance deficits, significant budget deficits and increases in debt ratios. In order to implement the Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN)/ National Economic Recovery program, integration of fiscal policy and monetary policy is required. This policy synergy initiative emerged from the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)/ Indonesian Parliament, which is called “burden sharing”. This research aims to: (1) analyze and examine the role of the DPR in integrating fiscal policy and monetary policy for handling the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) analyze and review the appropriate policy mix between fiscal policy and monetary policy; (3) analyze and review the monitoring and evaluation mechanism by the DPR in the implementation of the fiscal policy mix and monetary policy; (4) analyzing and reviewing the implementation of policy integration in several comparative countries in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with data collection methods using in-depth interviews and data analysis methods using NVIVO. The research results show that: (1) the role of the DPR in integrating monetary and fiscal policies through burden-sharing policies during the Covid-19 is to provide legal certainty and political legitimacy, also through approval of the Perpu (Emergency Law) proposed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia; (2) there are several policy mixes implemented in handling Covid-19, but the most prominent is monetary policy which accommodates large fiscal financing needs due to widening fiscal deficits, that is purchase of government bonds in the primary market; (3) supervision and evaluation by the DPR is carried out to maintain the sustainability of fiscal space. This refers to the impact of expansionary fiscal policy which causes the deficit to widen; (4) there are similarities in policies between Indonesia and other countries such as India and Korea, which both provide stimulus to the MSME sector, integration of fiscal & monetary policies and the formation of emergency law. Based on the results of this research, recommendations for expanding initiatives and strengthening the role of the DPR as an institution that aggregates various political forces and aspirations are presented, in various situations that require strong political legitimacy. It is deemed necessary to carry out simulations of other roles that the monetary authority can play in supporting state financial policy, while still maintaining independence. DPR supervision still needs to be carried out to maintain the sustainability of fiscal space. As an anticipation, it is necessary to prepare a protocol for handling economic crises which in the future may be caused by factors outside the economy itself, mainly through legal mechanisms (emergency law).
Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Policy Integration, Qualitative Approach
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The encapsulation of traditional leaders in the onslaught of gender-based violence in their jurisdictions
Sabelinah M. Tshoane 1, Enoch Zenzile 2 *
Department of Law, Safety & Security Management, Faculty of Humanities
Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 37-48, 2025
Abstract: South Africa is on a quest to address the phenomenon of gender-based violence (GBV), which continues to grow at an alarming rate. This discussion paper concerns itself with the involvement of traditional leaders as custodians of norms and values of the societies that they are constitutionally mandated to lead. This research paper focuses on the following objectives: (1) to delineate the magnitude of the phenomenon of GBV within the jurisdictions of traditional leaders, (2) to elucidate actions undertaken by victims of GBV in the aftermath of the incident, as determined by the norms and values of the society in which they live, and (3) to recommend measures that can be implemented by traditional leaders to decrease GBV in their jurisdictions. Through a qualitative research method, which comprised interviews with 68 traditional leaders, and document analysis, the study explored how traditional leadership structures leverage cultural practices and norms to address and mitigate GBV. The research highlights the differences and similarities in strategies employed by traditional leaders through assessing their effectiveness and cultural relevance. The findings indicate that while both the Limpopo and Eastern Cape provinces face significant challenges, the incorporation of cultural norms has had varying degrees of success in reducing GBV. The study provides insight into the potential for traditional leadership and cultural practices to contribute to the eradication of GBV, and offers policy recommendations to enhance these efforts within the broader framework of community and governmental interventions.
Keywords: cultural practices, gender-based violence, strategies, traditional leaders
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Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa through Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technologies: Addressing Poverty, Education, and Infrastructure Challenges
Marc E. Oosthuizen 1 and Thato Motsatsi 2*
1,2 Independent Institute of Education, Varsity College Pretoria, South Africa.
Abstract: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) grants Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) a transformative opportunity to accelerate sustainable development through technological innovation. That is why this paper explores how 4IR technologies can address key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically poverty alleviation, education, and infrastructure development. The qualitative research design utilises a Problem-Driven Political Economy Analysis (PEA) framework. It also employs a case study of South Africa’s adoption of the 4IR technology in terms of poverty, education and infrastructure to investigate how these technologies can catalyse the attainment of the SDGs and structural transformation in African economies. Although 4IR holds immense potential for enabling sustainable development, challenges such as technological inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient policy frameworks pose significant hurdles. This paper argues that harnessing 4IR for sustainable development in Africa requires a nuanced understanding of the global political economy, regional disparities, and inclusive governance models prioritising equitable growth. By assessing existing initiatives and identifying gaps, this research contributes to the discourse on how Africa can strategically position itself within the evolving global digital economy to achieve long-term sustainable development and SDG goals.
Keywords
African Economic Transformation, Artificial Intelligence, Industry 4.0, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sustainable Development, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, The Sustainable Development Goals.
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Assessment of RESCO Model for Rooftop Solar in Schools of Delhi, India
Sanya Arora 1, Meenal Jain 2*, Meenakshi Mital 3, Sita Syal 4
1 Corporate Engagement Officer – Disclosures, CDP India.
2 Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College,
University of Delhi, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, India,
3 Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College,
University of Delhi, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, India.
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 65-76, 2025
Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim to understand the implementation of the rooftop solar policy in schools with a specific reference to the RESCO modelUnder this model, the consumer does not have to bear the cost of the solar installation and instead only pays for the electricity generated. The study aimed to understand the drivers, barriers and satisfaction level of the selected stakeholders at various stages of its implementation associated with the same. Government schools were chosen for the study due to their excessive energy demands. At the same time, they have great potential to tap solar energy owing to availability of large rooftop areas and high requirements of electricity. The study was conducted in Delhi, India. Stakeholders for the study included government officials, officials from selected schools, project developers and officials from DISCOMs, i.e. electricity distribution companiesThe study found that Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy. To implement the policies and programmes of MNRE, each state has its State Nodal Agency (SNA) which implements and promotes the policies and programmes made by MNRE in their respective states. When asked about the drivers for implementation of the policy, officials from schools reported government mandate as the major driver which was followed by reduction in electricity bills and environmental benefits. Further, various barriers were reported by the stakeholders during each step of the process of implementation of RESCO model. The study also collated suggestions given by selected stakeholders to overcome these barriers while implementing the RESCO model in schools. To overcome the delay in site verification, officials from DISCOMs suggested that government can create a separate department for solar in DISCOMs to reduce their workload and facilitate timely site verifications. Further, project developers and officials from schools suggested that the process and the documents required for the Detailed Project Report DPR can be reduced which will lead to reduction in the number of stakeholders, in turn reducing the time taken for preparation of DPR. Further, it was suggested that the timeline for submission of documents for net metering can be increased by the government as it is not possible to submit an extensive list of documents in two days. The study can be used by policy makers and professionals who are working in the area of grid connected rooftop solar systems. Incorporating the suggestions is expected to help in overcoming the barriers and can smoothen the installations of grid connected rooftop solar systems under RESCO model in schools.
Keywords: RESCO, Schools, Solar policy, Solar rooftop
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Gender Equality and Unpaid Jobs
Matshemo Joyce Moganedi
University of Limpopo, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: mjmaibelo@gmail.com
Abstract: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, as amended in 2012, emphasises human rights to everybody in the country. It strives to achieve gender equality by emphasising that no person may unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds such as race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth, however, the reality is opposite. Women and other marginalised groups such as children, older persons, people with disabilities, lesbians, gays, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer (LGBTIQ+) and others are the victims of discrimination and inequality. South African policy of apartheid contributed negatively to the unity in the country and created a fragmented society characterised by patriarchy and harmful practices. The patriarchal system is ensuring that the abovementioned groups receive the second-hand treatment and unrecognised efforts as human beings. This study seeks to point out the existence and availability of gender inequality thirty years after the implementation of democracy, irrespective of the existence of the Constitution. Human Capital and Empowerment theory underpinned the study. Proper education will empower the marginalised groups to acquire and sharpen their skills to be effective to compete in the market. At the same time, the marginalised groups will be assisted and guided towards identifying their potentials, building their autonomy and be in control of their lives. This desktop qualitative study employed purposive sampling to gather rich data through studying both on-line and printed materials related to gender equality, unpaid and paid jobs. Information related to gender inequality served as unit of analysis. The findings indicated that gender inequality exists, and it is clearly visible through gender roles such as unpaid jobs performed by women in the households as compared to men. Harmful social practices such as patriarchy socialised boys and girls differently and unfortunately, a girl child was denied an opportunity to go through proper and formal education system. They were taught to take care of their brothers and the rest of the household which exposed them to financial dependency to their partners as they become adults. Ongoing education and awareness raising should be conducted to communities to change their socialisation approach and treat both boy and girl child equally. As per the Constitution, every child has the right to education, and this must be actualised without any compromise.
Keywords: Constitution, Education, Empowerment, Gender equality, Unpaid job
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Interrogating the Plight of Hidden Contributors: Informal Traders in South Africa’s Premier Tourism Landscapes
Logistic Makoni [1]* Kevin Mearns 2
Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES),
University of South Africa, Corner of Christiaan de Wet Road & Pioneer Avenue, Florida, 1709,
Johannesburg South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 87-100, 2025
Abstract: In the confluences of high-quality tourism areas in South Africa lies a peculiar relationship- a cohort of local informal traders who are oftentimes overlooked and undervalued. At prima facie, these traders may seem to be just food and souvenir vendors, yet they are significant custodians of tourism areas’ novelty and authenticity, weaving the fabric of the tourism experience itself. This conceptual paper seeks to unmask the ignored activity of local informal traders who operate around South Africa’s premier tourism attractions, focusing on their importance as significant contributors to the tourism experience. The paper stems from the currently existing gap regarding the marginalization of the local informal traders within the formal tourism frameworks, despite their contribution to the stimulation of local economies and enriching tourist engagement. The paper focuses on interrogating the dual impact of these local informal traders- their augmenting of tourism experiences and their plight from being excluded from the sustainable tourism development initiatives. The paper uses a desktop research method to identify the existing gaps in literature regarding the subject under investigation. This is done with a view to providing a framework that aims to assimilate the local informal traders into the mainstream tourism ecosystem. This paper underscores the need for the recognition of these traders not only as food and souvenir vendors operating around high-quality tourism attractions, but as vital drivers and enablers of both sustainable livelihoods and sustainable tourism experiences playing a meaningful contribution to the enrichment of the tourism sector in South Africa.
Keywords: Economic Integration, Local Informal Traders, Tourism Development, Sustainable Livelihoods.
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The Perils and Fatalities: A Deep dive into the Killings of JMPD Officers
Rakgetse John Mokwena 1, Mpho Maboa 2, Maseeng Patricia Maphaka 3
1,2,3 University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 101-112, 2025
Abstract: An assault on the police is a direct attack on the state, and action must be taken against individuals who perpetrate this crime, which is equal to treason (Mashatile, 2024). The Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD) is one of the largest police departments in South Africa. This article aimed to explore police killings in the JMPD and to identify the causal factors and challenges correlated to these killings. A qualitative research approach was embraced in this article and the target population was the metro police officers. The article design was a case study design with a focus on the outcomes of the empirical research. The main findings were as follows: the factors that contributed to the killings were conversed; the reasons for the killing of police officers were identified; and the factors contributing to the police killings in this area. The results of the qualitative research showed that police officers are subjected to continuous risks, stress, and threats from violent offenders that jeopardize their safety. It was further indicated that the lack of service delivery in the provision of CCTVs, poorly lit streets, and consistent load shedding presented dangers and threats to the lives of police officials as criminality thrives mostly in darkness. It is imperative that the police department and police management should undertake the following measures for both organizational development and improved performance by their employees (i.e., police officers). This technology implementation may assist in increasing police officers’ safety, public safety, improved crime prevention, and increased accountability.
Keywords: accident; crime; Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department; killings; police; road accident; robbery; violence.
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