Author: admin

Volume 18, Issue 05

Posted on

OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal

Determinants Factors of Indonesian Banking Asset Growth Period 2014-2023 11-26
Burden Sharing: The Role of the Indonesian Parliament Integrating Fiscal and Monetary Policies in The State Budget for Handling Covid-19 27-36
The encapsulation of traditional leaders in the onslaught of gender-based violence in their jurisdictions 37-48
Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa through Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technologies: Addressing Poverty, Education, and Infrastructure Challenges 49-64
Assessment of RESCO Model for Rooftop Solar in Schools of Delhi, India 65-76
Gender Equality and Unpaid Jobs 77-86
Interrogating the Plight of Hidden Contributors: Informal Traders in South Africa’s Premier Tourism Landscapes 87-100
The Perils and Fatalities: A Deep dive into the Killings of JMPD Officers 101-112

Determinants Factors of Indonesian Banking Asset Growth Period 2014-2023

Akmal Amiruddin 1 *, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Eleonora Sofilda 3 , Dini Hariyanti 4
1 Bank Sentral Republik Indonesia.
2,3,4 Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 11-26, 2025.

Abstract: This study investigates the influence of various banking performance indicators, interest rates, and macroeconomic factors on Indonesia’s banking assets growth. It focuses on two distinct periods: the BUKU period, which refers to the classification of banks based on their business activities and was in effect until September 2021, and the KBMI period, which is based on core capital and was implemented per the regulations outlined in POJK No. 12/POJK.03/2021. The study utilizes data from 95 commercial banks spanning December 2014 to June 2023 and employs static panel data estimation methods, a reliable and widely accepted approach, to evaluate the impact of these variables.

The findings reveal that during the KBMI period, a broader array of variables significantly influences banking asset growth compared to the BUKU period. Specifically, the Common Effects Model (CEM) applied to the KBMI period identifies key influencing variables such as profitability (NIM), liquidity (LDR and LAR), capital adequacy (CAR and CCR), interest rates, inflation, the BI Rate, and the BI Exchange Rate. In contrast, during the BUKU period, the Random Effects Model (REM) suggests that asset quality (NPL), profitability (ROA), liquidity (LAR), efficiency (BOPO), capital (CAR), deposit interest rates, and GDP are the primary drivers of asset growth.

The study’s findings underscore the significant shift in the determinants of banking asset growth between the BUKU and KBMI periods. This shift, from predominantly internal to more external influences, particularly in response to the economic disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, has important implications for the Indonesian banking sector. The reclassification of banks under the KBMI system, in line with the objectives of the POJK, is a strategic move to fortify and sustain economic growth and national stability by promoting banks with robust and competitive capital structures.

Keywords: Asset Growth, Banking, Panel Data Analysis, Bank Performances, BUKU, KBMI

Full-text paper download here

Burden Sharing: The Role of the Indonesian Parliament Integrating Fiscal and Monetary Policies in The State Budget for Handling Covid-19

Mukhamad Misbakhun 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2 *, Muliaman D. Hadad 3, Eleonora Sofilda 4
1,2,3,4 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 27-36, 2025.

Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic is a crisis that became a global challenge. Dealing with the pandemic cannot be separated from fiscal risks which are reflected in weakening tax revenues, widening primary balance deficits, significant budget deficits and increases in debt ratios. In order to implement the Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN)/ National Economic Recovery program, integration of fiscal policy and monetary policy is required. This policy synergy initiative emerged from the Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR)/ Indonesian Parliament, which is called “burden sharing”. This research aims to: (1) analyze and examine the role of the DPR in integrating fiscal policy and monetary policy for handling the Covid-19 pandemic; (2) analyze and review the appropriate policy mix between fiscal policy and monetary policy; (3) analyze and review the monitoring and evaluation mechanism by the DPR in the implementation of the fiscal policy mix and monetary policy; (4) analyzing and reviewing the implementation of policy integration in several comparative countries in handling the Covid-19 pandemic. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach with data collection methods using in-depth interviews and data analysis methods using NVIVO. The research results show that: (1) the role of the DPR in integrating monetary and fiscal policies through burden-sharing policies during the Covid-19 is to provide legal certainty and political legitimacy, also through approval of the Perpu (Emergency Law) proposed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia; (2) there are several policy mixes implemented in handling Covid-19, but the most prominent is monetary policy which accommodates large fiscal financing needs due to widening fiscal deficits, that is purchase of government bonds in the primary market; (3) supervision and evaluation by the DPR is carried out to maintain the sustainability of fiscal space. This refers to the impact of expansionary fiscal policy which causes the deficit to widen; (4) there are similarities in policies between Indonesia and other countries such as India and Korea, which both provide stimulus to the MSME sector, integration of fiscal & monetary policies and the formation of emergency law. Based on the results of this research, recommendations for expanding initiatives and strengthening the role of the DPR as an institution that aggregates various political forces and aspirations are presented, in various situations that require strong political legitimacy. It is deemed necessary to carry out simulations of other roles that the monetary authority can play in supporting state financial policy, while still maintaining independence. DPR supervision still needs to be carried out to maintain the sustainability of fiscal space. As an anticipation, it is necessary to prepare a protocol for handling economic crises which in the future may be caused by factors outside the economy itself, mainly through legal mechanisms (emergency law).

Keywords: Covid-19 Pandemic, Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy, Policy Integration, Qualitative Approach

Full-text paper download here

The encapsulation of traditional leaders in the onslaught of gender-based violence in their jurisdictions

Sabelinah M. Tshoane 1, Enoch Zenzile 2 *
Department of Law, Safety & Security Management, Faculty of Humanities
Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 37-48, 2025

Abstract: South Africa is on a quest to address the phenomenon of gender-based violence (GBV), which continues to grow at an alarming rate. This discussion paper concerns itself with the involvement of traditional leaders as custodians of norms and values of the societies that they are constitutionally mandated to lead. This research paper focuses on the following objectives: (1) to delineate the magnitude of the phenomenon of GBV within the jurisdictions of traditional leaders, (2) to elucidate actions undertaken by victims of GBV in the aftermath of the incident, as determined by the norms and values of the society in which they live, and (3) to recommend measures that can be implemented by traditional leaders to decrease GBV in their jurisdictions. Through a qualitative research method, which comprised interviews with 68 traditional leaders, and document analysis, the study explored how traditional leadership structures leverage cultural practices and norms to address and mitigate GBV. The research highlights the differences and similarities in strategies employed by traditional leaders through assessing their effectiveness and cultural relevance. The findings indicate that while both the Limpopo and Eastern Cape provinces face significant challenges, the incorporation of cultural norms has had varying degrees of success in reducing GBV. The study provides insight into the potential for traditional leadership and cultural practices to contribute to the eradication of GBV, and offers policy recommendations to enhance these efforts within the broader framework of community and governmental interventions.

Keywords: cultural practices, gender-based violence, strategies, traditional leaders

Full-text paper download here

Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa through Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Technologies: Addressing Poverty, Education, and Infrastructure Challenges

Marc E. Oosthuizen 1 and Thato Motsatsi 2*
1,2 Independent Institute of Education, Varsity College Pretoria, South Africa.

Abstract: The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) grants Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) a transformative opportunity to accelerate sustainable development through technological innovation. That is why this paper explores how 4IR technologies can address key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically poverty alleviation, education, and infrastructure development. The qualitative research design utilises a Problem-Driven Political Economy Analysis (PEA) framework. It also employs a case study of South Africa’s adoption of the 4IR technology in terms of poverty, education and infrastructure to investigate how these technologies can catalyse the attainment of the SDGs and structural transformation in African economies. Although 4IR holds immense potential for enabling sustainable development, challenges such as technological inequality, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient policy frameworks pose significant hurdles. This paper argues that harnessing 4IR for sustainable development in Africa requires a nuanced understanding of the global political economy, regional disparities, and inclusive governance models prioritising equitable growth. By assessing existing initiatives and identifying gaps, this research contributes to the discourse on how Africa can strategically position itself within the evolving global digital economy to achieve long-term sustainable development and SDG goals.

Keywords

African Economic Transformation, Artificial Intelligence, Industry 4.0, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Sustainable Development, The Fourth Industrial Revolution, The Sustainable Development Goals.

Full-text paper download here

Assessment of RESCO Model for Rooftop Solar in Schools of Delhi, India

Sanya Arora 1, Meenal Jain 2*, Meenakshi Mital 3, Sita Syal 4
1 Corporate Engagement Officer – Disclosures, CDP India.
2 Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College,
University of Delhi, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, India,
3 Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College,
University of Delhi, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, India.
4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 65-76, 2025

Abstract: The present study was conducted with the aim to understand the implementation of the rooftop solar policy in schools with a specific reference to the RESCO modelUnder this model, the consumer does not have to bear the cost of the solar installation and instead only pays for the electricity generated. The study aimed to understand the drivers, barriers and satisfaction level of the selected stakeholders at various stages of its implementation associated with the same. Government schools were chosen for the study due to their excessive energy demands. At the same time, they have great potential to tap solar energy owing to availability of large rooftop areas and high requirements of electricity. The study was conducted in Delhi, India. Stakeholders for the study included government officials, officials from selected schools, project developers and officials from DISCOMs, i.e. electricity distribution companiesThe study found that Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal Ministry of the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy. To implement the policies and programmes of MNRE, each state has its State Nodal Agency (SNA) which implements and promotes the policies and programmes made by MNRE in their respective states. When asked about the drivers for implementation of the policy, officials from schools reported government mandate as the major driver which was followed by reduction in electricity bills and environmental benefits. Further, various barriers were reported by the stakeholders during each step of the process of implementation of RESCO model. The study also collated suggestions given by selected stakeholders to overcome these barriers while implementing the RESCO model in schools. To overcome the delay in site verification, officials from DISCOMs suggested that government can create a separate department for solar in DISCOMs to reduce their workload and facilitate timely site verifications. Further, project developers and officials from schools suggested that the process and the documents required for the Detailed Project Report DPR can be reduced which will lead to reduction in the number of stakeholders, in turn reducing the time taken for preparation of DPR. Further, it was suggested that the timeline for submission of documents for net metering can be increased by the government as it is not possible to submit an extensive list of documents in two days. The study can be used by policy makers and professionals who are working in the area of grid connected rooftop solar systems. Incorporating the suggestions is expected to help in overcoming the barriers and can smoothen the installations of grid connected rooftop solar systems under RESCO model in schools.

Keywords: RESCO, Schools, Solar policy, Solar rooftop

Full-text paper download here

Gender Equality and Unpaid Jobs

Matshemo Joyce Moganedi
University of Limpopo, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: mjmaibelo@gmail.com

Abstract: The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996, as amended in 2012, emphasises human rights to everybody in the country. It strives to achieve gender equality by emphasising that no person may unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds such as race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language and birth, however, the reality is opposite. Women and other marginalised groups such as children, older persons, people with disabilities, lesbians, gays, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer (LGBTIQ+) and others are the victims of discrimination and inequality. South African policy of apartheid contributed negatively to the unity in the country and created a fragmented society characterised by patriarchy and harmful practices.  The patriarchal system is ensuring that the abovementioned groups receive the second-hand treatment and unrecognised efforts as human beings. This study seeks to point out the existence and availability of gender inequality thirty years after the implementation of democracy, irrespective of the existence of the Constitution. Human Capital and Empowerment theory underpinned the study. Proper education will empower the marginalised groups to acquire and sharpen their skills to be effective to compete in the market. At the same time, the marginalised groups will be assisted and guided towards identifying their potentials, building their autonomy and be in control of their lives. This desktop qualitative study employed purposive sampling to gather rich data through studying both on-line and printed materials related to gender equality, unpaid and paid jobs. Information related to gender inequality served as unit of analysis. The findings indicated that gender inequality exists, and it is clearly visible through gender roles such as unpaid jobs performed by women in the households as compared to men. Harmful social practices such as patriarchy socialised boys and girls differently and unfortunately, a girl child was denied an opportunity to go through proper and formal education system. They were taught to take care of their brothers and the rest of the household which exposed them to financial dependency to their partners as they become adults.  Ongoing education and awareness raising should be conducted to communities to change their socialisation approach and treat both boy and girl child equally. As per the Constitution, every child has the right to education, and this must be actualised without any compromise.

Keywords: Constitution, Education, Empowerment, Gender equality, Unpaid job

Full-text paper download here

Interrogating the Plight of Hidden Contributors: Informal Traders in South Africa’s Premier Tourism Landscapes

Logistic Makoni [1]* Kevin Mearns 2
Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES),
University of South Africa, Corner of Christiaan de Wet Road & Pioneer Avenue, Florida, 1709,
Johannesburg South Africa.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 87-100, 2025

Abstract: In the confluences of high-quality tourism areas in South Africa lies a peculiar relationship- a cohort of local informal traders who are oftentimes overlooked and undervalued. At prima facie, these traders may seem to be just food and souvenir vendors, yet they are significant custodians of tourism areas’ novelty and authenticity, weaving the fabric of the tourism experience itself. This conceptual paper seeks to unmask the ignored activity of local informal traders who operate around South Africa’s premier tourism attractions, focusing on their importance as significant contributors to the tourism experience. The paper stems from the currently existing gap regarding the marginalization of the local informal traders within the formal tourism frameworks, despite their contribution to the stimulation of local economies and enriching tourist engagement. The paper focuses on interrogating the dual impact of these local informal traders- their augmenting of tourism experiences and their plight from being excluded from the sustainable tourism development initiatives. The paper uses a desktop research method to identify the existing gaps in literature regarding the subject under investigation. This is done with a view to providing a framework that aims to assimilate the local informal traders into the mainstream tourism ecosystem. This paper underscores the need for the recognition of these traders not only as food and souvenir vendors operating around high-quality tourism attractions, but as vital drivers and enablers of both sustainable livelihoods and sustainable tourism experiences playing a meaningful contribution to the enrichment of the tourism sector in South Africa.

Keywords: Economic Integration, Local Informal Traders, Tourism Development, Sustainable Livelihoods.

Full-text paper download here

The Perils and Fatalities: A Deep dive into the Killings of JMPD Officers

Rakgetse John Mokwena 1, Mpho Maboa 2, Maseeng Patricia Maphaka 3
1,2,3 University of South Africa, South Africa.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 101-112, 2025

Abstract: An assault on the police is a direct attack on the state, and action must be taken against individuals who perpetrate this crime, which is equal to treason (Mashatile, 2024). The Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department (JMPD) is one of the largest police departments in South Africa. This article aimed to explore police killings in the JMPD and to identify the causal factors and challenges correlated to these killings. A qualitative research approach was embraced in this article and the target population was the metro police officers. The article design was a case study design with a focus on the outcomes of the empirical research. The main findings were as follows: the factors that contributed to the killings were conversed; the reasons for the killing of police officers were identified; and the factors contributing to the police killings in this area. The results of the qualitative research showed that police officers are subjected to continuous risks, stress, and threats from violent offenders that jeopardize their safety. It was further indicated that the lack of service delivery in the provision of CCTVs, poorly lit streets, and consistent load shedding presented dangers and threats to the lives of police officials as criminality thrives mostly in darkness. It is imperative that the police department and police management should undertake the following measures for both organizational development and improved performance by their employees (i.e., police officers). This technology implementation may assist in increasing police officers’ safety, public safety, improved crime prevention, and increased accountability.

Keywords: accident; crime; Johannesburg Metropolitan Police Department; killings; police; road accident; robbery; violence.

Full-text paper download here

Volume 18, Issue 04

Posted on

OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal 

State-Owned Insurance Holding: The Establishment Impact on The Efficiency and Profit Optimization of  State-Owned Insurance Companies 11-18
Market Justice: Possibility and Necessity 19-30
Impact of Democracy Quality on Tax Revenue: Direct and Mediating Factors in Indonesia 31-39
Implementation of Indonesian Government Policy in Improving the Quality of Geographical Indication Products 39-52
The Impact of Sunda Kelapa Port Development and Operational Policies on the Economy of the Administrative City of North Jakarta 53-64
The Governance Strategy of the Sumatra Regional Development Bank to Minimize Agency Problems 65-76
Indonesian Government Procurement Public Policy on Disaster Management 77-92
Shipping Navigation Service Policy Model in Supporting National Economy 93-104

State-Owned Insurance Holding: The Establishment Impact on The Efficiency and Profit Optimization of  State-Owned Insurance Companies

Syah Amondaris 1, Eleonora Sofilda 2, and Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 3
1,2,3 Public Policy Studies, Faculty of Economics & Business,
Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, 11-18, 2025.

Abstract: The Indonesian government has established PT Bahana Pembinaan Usaha Indonesia (Persero) as the holding company of several state-owned insurance companies, which aims to support the strength of subsidiaries in fulfilling obligations and increasing efficiency in their governance. The establishment of a holding through government regulation Number 20 of 2020 creates a single governance system so it is hoped that there will be no overlap, especially in risk management. This study aims to analyze and examine the level of efficiency and performance determinants of state-owned insurance companies before and after the implementation of the holding formation. This study uses a quantitative approach using Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) analysis and panel data regression for 2018-2022 consisting of 5 state-owned insurance companies. Based on the results of the study, the efficiency values ​​of Asuransi Jamkrindo, Jasa Raharja Putra, and Asuransi Jasa Indonesia are in the high-efficiency criteria (100%) and the determinants of insurance company performance are influenced by the variables of underwriting results, investment results, operating expenses, gross reinsurance premiums, and other income. The consistency of the efficiency level before and after the issuance of PP No. 20 of 2020 implies that governance factors (ownership) have an influence on the stability of insurance company efficiency through maximizing income, especially underwriting results. In addition, the stability of efficiency in insurance companies will also increase the company’s trust in the real sector through the ability of insurance companies to handle the risks covered.

Keywords: State-owned Insurance, Holding Company, Efficiency, Profitability.

Full-text paper download here

Market Justice: Possibility and Necessity

Guntur Freddy Prisanto
STIKOM InterStudi, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 19-30, 2025

Abstract: This research proposes a prerequisite for social order that the market requires is justice. The market is acknowledged as a social construct with specific mechanisms that allow people to act rationally without necessarily having such rationality. The anthropological premise that people are homo economicus and homo rationale who act in their own best interests is a prerequisite for this type of market. The perfect model of a competitive market is justified through the formulation of mathematical economic science.

The incapability of individuals to participate in the competitive market is the fundamental problem in the justice theory. In this case, equality and freedom served as the cornerstones of the dispute over justice, which could only be resolved by a theory of justice that could account for people’s ability to participate in the market.

Compared to other approaches that solely highlight one aspect—either equality or freedom—Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach in his theory of justice proved to be the most effective means of resolving the complex relationship between freedom and equality. In addition to serving self-interest, the relevant anthropological assumption also promotes freedom, morality, and justice. As a condition of social order, justice is necessary to reject domination and exploitation – either in the relationship between the owners of capital and the labor, or between the manufacturers and the consumers. The market ought to be accessible.

Keywords: Justice, efficiency, poverty, capability, self-interest, rationality.

Full-text paper download here

Impact of Democracy Quality on Tax Revenue: Direct and Mediating Factors in Indonesia

Arif Nugrahanto 1, Eleonora Sofilda 2, Syafri 3
1 Doctoral Program in Economics, Public Policy Concentration, Trisakti University, Indonesia.
1 Polytechnic of State Finance STAN, Jakarta, Indonesia.
2,3 Trisakti University, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 31-38, 2025.

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between democracy quality and tax revenue in Indonesia, focusing on direct impacts and mediating factors such as economic growth, government spending, and tax compliance. Utilizing panel data from 2010 to 2020 and fixed effects models, we find a positive direct effect of democracy on tax revenue. However, this effect diminishes when controlling for other factors. Our findings reveal that economic growth, government spending, and tax compliance significantly influence the democracy-tax revenue relationship, often overshadowing the direct effect. These insights highlight the need for a holistic policy approach to enhance tax revenue in the context of democratic governance.

Keywords: Democracy quality, Tax revenue, Economic growth, Government spending, Tax compliance, Panel data analysis, Indonesia

Full-text paper download here

Implementation of Indonesian Government Policy in Improving the Quality of Geographical Indication Products

Fajar Sulaeman Taman 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2*, Freddi Harris 3
1,2,3 Public Policy Studies, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia.
1Ministry of Law and Human Rights Republic of Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 39-52, 2025.

Abstract: In the era of globalization and free trade, one of the most important in Intellectual Property is geographical indications (GI) which can be said to be “GI is the new oil” in capturing food market share in the world. The important role of the government, which is very much needed in improving, marketing, and supporting the results of geographical indication products, is the key to the success of a product that is in the name of the country in the eyes of the world and national markets and can survive it. Appropriate policies are needed for the welfare of the people who carry out GI product businesses. Moreover, that they can continue to produce goods of reputation, character, and quality which have been produced for generations in that area. Bearing in mind that, in the field of support, several regional governments still do not understand and include work programs on the potential of geographical indication products as superior products in their respective regions.

The aim of this research is to examine and analyze the role of the government in carrying out strategic approaches to registration, commercialization, and law enforcement for the Geographical Indication Protection Community (GIPS). This research uses a qualitative approach, where data collection is carried out through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) activities. This data collection involves stakeholders such as: regulators, academics, geographical indication experts both within the country and abroad, international institutions that handle geographical indications, and MPIG. Technical analysis was carried out using the NVivo. The result shows that: (i). Local/regional governments have not played an important role in creating awareness among local communities about certain GI products. This is demonstrated through the existence of regulatory diversification; (ii). Implementation of government policies in improving GI products is still not optimal. This requires several strategies that can be implemented in relation to GI product branding; and (iii). Cooperation between the central and local governments and related agencies is part of realizing stakeholder synergy regarding the implementation of GI, socializing the government’s role in conducting outreach through several programs aimed at increasing public awareness.

Keywords: Public Policy, Geographical Indications, Export, Agriculture

Full-text paper download here

The Impact of Sunda Kelapa Port Development and Operational Policies on the Economy of the Administrative City of North Jakarta

Sugeng Priyatno 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Eleonora Sofilda 3, Dini Hariyanti 4

1,2,3,4 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.
1 Ministry of Transportation-Republik, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 05, Pg. 53-64, 2025

Abstract: World trade transportation is still dominated by transportation by sea, where 90% of goods carried in world trade transactions are by ship (shipping). Apart from that, the increase in trade activity in the form of world cargo is a manifestation of the development of more modern port facilities for handling cargo operations. The growth of trade by sea will continue to experience positive growth in the coming years. Sunda Kelapa Port is also a port whose development continues to increase, so it is necessary to develop port infrastructure related to economic growth and its contribution to the GRDP of the city of North Jakarta. This research aims to examine: (i). What is the direction of government policy for the development and operations of Sunda Kelapa Port and its impact on the economic growth of the North Jakarta Administrative City; (ii). The benefits expected by stakeholders from the development and operational policies of Sunda Kelapa Port in North Jakarta towards the growth of the economic sector and increased investment; (iii). What is the impact of the Sunda Kelapa Port development policy on the economy of the North Jakarta Administrative City, and other business sectors; and (iv). The extent to which a Port Master Plan (RIP) is needed in the context of government policy regarding the development and operations of Sunda Kelapa Port. This research was designed with a qualitative approach. The qualitative approach used is to combine two analytical techniques, namely coding analysis and Systematic Literature Review (SLR). This research data consists of primary data and secondary data. Data was collected through observation and focus group discussions. This research concludes that: (i). Several policies are most dominant, namely those related to: (a). Historical tourist sites; (b). Interconnectivity; and (c). Human resource development, which will have an impact on economic growth in North Jakarta; (ii). The hopes of the stakeholders are related to making the Sunda Kelapa port a port that has high historical value (heritage tourism port), so that it can increase the competitiveness of Indonesian tourism and culture for tourists; (iii). For the North Jakarta City Administrative City, this will increase the flow of goods and services which can encourage increased exports and imports as well as attract foreign investment, strengthen maritime connectivity and create jobs; and (iv). A Port Master Plan (RIP) is very much needed in the context of government policy regarding the development and operations of Sunda Kelapa Port. The recommendation from this research is that a Port Master Plan (RIP) is really needed in the context of government policy regarding the development and operations of the Sunda Kelapa Port, which in turn can have implications for improving the quality of coordination and synergy of stakeholders in responding to the challenges of developing the Sunda Kelapa Port.

Keywords: Port, Maritime Transportation, Port Master Plan. Qualitative Research

Full-text paper download here

The Governance Strategy of the Sumatra Regional Development Bank to Minimize Agency Problems

Syaiful Azhar 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Rifki Ismal 3
1,2,3 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 65-76, 2025

Abstract: Banks play an important role in the economy as an intermediary institution by storing funds from the community and then channeling them back in the form of credit. Currently, the development of the financial sector, banking, is one of the determinants of output growth in all countries, including Indonesia. This strategic role is shown through the growth trend of the banking industry; both in terms of number, market share, variety of operations, and products offered to the public. In addition to general banks that operate for national coverage, there are also regional development banks (BPD) that operate in each level 1 region and Rural Credit Banks (BPR) in levels 1 and 2 in Indonesia. This study aims to examine: (i). Is the Principal Agency Theory indicated in Governance at BPD in the Sumatra Region; (ii). What are the challenges and critical analysis of Governance at BPD in the Sumatra Region; and (iii). What is the strategy to minimize agency problems in Governance at BPD in the Sumatra Region? This study uses a qualitative approach with the Grounded Theory type. Data were collected through FGD activities and analyzed using the NVIVO device. From the results and analysis carried out, it can be concluded that: (i). There are still agency problems in the implementation of governance. This can at least be proven by the emergence of several nodes such as: ‘Political Intervention’, “Governor’s Terms of Office”, and “Dynamic Turnover”. The difference in interests causes problems, namely asymmetric information where managers (management/agents) know all the company’s information better than shareholders. This will cause agency costs, one of which is related to supervision costs; (ii). Several mapped constraints show the dominance of HR and Technology constraints. The HR in question refers to increasing competence so that it has an impact on a more transparent governance process. The informant indicated weak supervision of HR who have good performance; and (iii). There are several strategies that can be used to minimize agency problems in the implementation of BPD governance in Sumatra, such as: Transparency, Investment, Joint Business Groups, and so on. This study recommends that to minimize asymmetric information, and improve the quality of human resources, improvements related to transparency, human resource supervision, internal control, and service instructions for inverbal explanation, must be implemented.

Keywords: Governance Strategy, Agency Problem, Regional Development Bank, Qualitative Research

Full-text paper download here

Indonesian Government Procurement Public Policy on Disaster Management

Bonatua Silalahi 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Tri Kunawangsih P 3, Dini Hariyanti   4
1,2,3,4 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 77-92, 2025.

Abstract: The unique characteristics of procurement in disaster emergency management are the main obstacle in implementing existing policies, thus requiring flexibility. Another obstacle is the aspect of availability of goods and the moral aspect of individual providers, which causes high prices. From a budget perspective, the procurement process is very good, but the implementation process turns out that operators are still guided by procurement policies for normal conditions. Regarding the quality of goods distribution services, there are problems related to unpredictable delivery times considering the frequent disruptions to infrastructure and facilities on the way. In the coordination aspect, auditors often state that there are price irregularities so that providers are forced to return a number of overpaid claims. This research aims to analyze and review; (i) the implementation of the Disaster Management Goods/Services Procurement Budget process in Indonesia; (ii) how quality control against compliance with standards related to the effectiveness and safety of disaster management operations; and (iii) how stakeholder coordination and transparency in the implementation of Procurement in Indonesia.

This research uses a qualitative approach where primary data is obtained from interviews through focus group discussions (FGD) and informants are selected and divided into 5 (five) categories: Regulators, Operators, Providers, Observers, and Associations. The results of the interview transcription were coded and analyzed by using NVivo software.

The research results show that there are problems with obstacles to the implementation of current regulatory policies, so the principles of value for money procurement regulated in presidential regulations often cannot be fulfilled. Procurement policies in disaster emergencies need to be created separately from procurement under normal conditions as regulated through presidential regulations. Procurement policies in disaster emergencies should be in accordance with the principles of speed and accuracy and priorities as mandated in the law on disaster management. This research recommends regarding Flexibility, that Procurement in Disaster Management be categorized as Procurement exempted from Presidential Decree/16/2018 and become one of the Norms amended through the Disaster Management Bill. Regarding Stock Availability, it is expected that the norms and implementation guidelines that will be made will primarily regulate the Determination of the Type of Certain Conditions Needed for Goods in disaster-affected areas and provide an Assignment to PT. Pos as a State Own Enterprise engaged in the National Network Delivery Service sector to distribute BKKT from the Supply Chain closest to the location of refugees. With this policy, there will be no shortage of goods so that price irregularities can be avoided both on the procurement side of goods and delivery services. Finally, regarding Procurement Exceptions in Disaster Management, The Principle of Fast and Precise Disaster Management and Priority is regulated by the PPU at the Law level. So its hierarchy is much higher than the PPU at the Presidential Regulation level which regulates the Procurement Principle.

Keywords: Procurement, Disaster Management, Social Affair Ministry, Budget, NVIVO

Full-text paper download here

Shipping Navigation Service Policy Model in Supporting National Economy

Muhammad Anto Julianto 1, Eleonora Sofilda 2, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 3
1,2,3 Universitas Trisakti, Indonesia.
1 Ministry of Transportation-Republic of Indonesia.

Volume 18, Issue 04, Pg. 93-104, 2025.

Abstract: Shipping safety is very important because ignoring it can result in ship accidents that have an impact on fatalities, environmental damage, and economic activities. Furthermore, ship accidents threaten maritime growth and investment in the shipping sector, besides that sea accidents have a negative impact on humans, the marine environment, property, and activities on board and on land. The impacts caused by accidents vary, ranging from minor injuries to death, from minor damage to very severe damage to the environment and property. This cannot be separated from the navigation functions to determine the position and/or course of the ship, notify of dangers/obstacles to shipping, indicate the boundaries of safe shipping lanes, mark the dividing lines of ship traffic, indicate areas and/or special activities in the waters and also the boundaries of a country. This study aims to determine and analyze: (i). Relationship between Standard and Policy Targets, Resources, Inter-Organizational Communication of Implementers and Strengthening Activities, Socio-Economic and Political Conditions, Characteristics of Existing Implementing Organizations, and Implementer Attitudes towards Shipping Navigation Service Policy; (ii). Shipping Navigation Service Policy Model that supports the National Economy reviewed based on suggestions and input from stakeholders/experts; and (iii). Impact of Shipping Navigation Service Policy in Indonesia in supporting the national economy.

The approach used in this study is a mixed method consisting of quantitative and qualitative approaches. For this study, the research location was 25 Type A and B Navigation District Offices. The 310 respondents were representatives of regulators, port operators, service providers, and entrepreneurs involved in shipping safety.

The conclusion of this study shows that: (i). There is a positive relationship between the variables of Standards and Policy Targets, Resources, Inter-Organizational Communication of Implementers and Strengthening Activities, Socio-Economic and Political Conditions, Characteristics of the Existing Implementing Organization and the Attitude of the Implementer with the Shipping Navigation Service Policy; (ii). The Shipping Navigation Service Policy Model has a positive influence on the national economy. If the policy model increases by 1%, it will boost the National Economy by 0.71%.; (iii). The Shipping Navigation Service Policy will provide safety assurance to ships sailing, provide maritime protection so as to prevent accidents and oil spills that are detrimental, thus encouraging maritime trade activities and port activities through export-import activities that have an impact on the national economy; and (iv). Informants suggested the need for regulation of equipment reliability and use of technology and digitalization, HR Competence, regulation/Legality, stricter law enforcement for violators of shipping navigation rules, organizations that have financial/budget independence, the existence of mature and detailed equipment Procurement/maintenance Planning, welfare and rewards, government relations and support, coordination between stakeholders, increasing the role of supervision by KSOP, and involving the maritime community in socialization and implementation.

The recommendations of this study are: (i). There needs to be a policy related to the organization implementing Shipping Navigation Services that can improve service performance by being able to manage budget efficiency, not being dependent on the APBN, and having the independence to procure and operate Shipping Navigation Service equipment by optimizing revenue; and (ii). The implementation of the Shipping Navigation Services Policy is greatly influenced by Compliance in carrying out supervision and enforcement of implementation in the field. On the other hand the function of compliance with the implementer the regulations are implemented by the Harbor Master and Port Authority Office. So it is necessary to regulate the supervision and enforcement functions by mitigating the risk of ineffectiveness and inefficiency because on the other hand, the Navigation District office has the authority to develop but compliance supervision is carried out by other work units.

Keywords: Navigation Services, Economy, Shipping Safety, Business Unit

Full-text paper download here