OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
Special Edition of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Zululand, South Africa.
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The Selected External Business Environmental Factors Influencing Township Entrepreneurship in
KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Sibusiso, D. Ntshangase 1, Nompumelelo Linda 2, Nolwazi, M. Mabaleka 3, Pamela, S. Mhlongo 4
1,2,3,4 Department of Recreation and Tourism, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 11-26, 2024.
Abstract: The relationship between the business external environment factors and township tourism entrepreneurship has a long history and is still a topic of discussion among academics and policymakers even today. Township tourism entrepreneurship remains an untapped area in South Africa, yet it presents great potential for economic inclusion, especially to people living in remote and traditional settlement areas. The aim of this paper, against this background, is to explore how the business external environment factors influence township tourism entrepreneurship performance in South Africa using eSikhaleni Township located under the City of uMhlathuze Local Municipality, as a case. Logistical regression was employed to estimate the empirical model based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of 199 randomly selected registered and non-registered tourism businesses. Overall, three central findings emerge from the estimation. The first is that financial support and skills development programmes are the most relevant drivers of improved business performance. The second observation is that performance of township entrepreneurship is strongly retarded by regulatory factors – both water and electricity crises of which the latter have relatively larger effects. The third finding is that social factors do not play a noticeable role in the performance of township entrepreneurship. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to the municipality decision-makers (business support offices) and business key role players in the study area regarding fostering township entrepreneurship, as well as “Tourism KwaZulu-Natal” (the destination management organisation).
Keywords: External business environmental factors, township entrepreneurship, tourism entrepreneurship, logistical regression, sub-Saharan Africa
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The Concept of Freedom in Fanon’s Thought
Siphiwe Ndlovu 1, Mbalenhle Nxumalo 2
1 Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics, University of Zululand,
1 Vulindlela Drive, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, Republic of South Africa.
2 University of Fort Hare: 50 Church Street, East London CBD, East London, South Africa, 5200.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 27-38, 2024.
Abstract: The general understanding of human freedom underlying the concept of alienation will be discussed through some central philosophical influences on Fanon’ thought namely, Hegel, Marx and Sartre. Notably, each of these philosophers conceive of freedom differently and this is informed by the way in which each conceives of alienation. With the exception of certain strands within existentialism such (as is the case with Sartre), what binds the above philosophers together is the conviction that alienation can be overcome. As an existential thinker himself, Fanon acknowledges alienation in the form of a lack and as (colonial) despair embedded in colonial society. However, alienation in the form of an existential lack appears as a problem of a free self-consciousness. And as such, Fanon as an anti-colonial thinker is not readily concerned with alienation as a lack. Accordingly, writing at the height of European colonialism, Fanon addresses mainly the issues of alienation and freedom from the perspective of the colonised. As such his philosophical reflections concerns largely the historical questions of race and race-based oppression. This puts him at odds with his European interlocutors who largely write with the European ontological situation in mind. The racial dimension tends to complicate the processes of history and the materialisation of freedom for the colonised. Further race tends to have a an enduring effect upon the condition of oppression. For this reason, it will be argued that for Fanon, there can be no dialectic of recognition in the Hegelian sense when the relation of domination has an additive of colour. Furthermore, there can be no material dialectic of history as Marx proposed would be a universal phenomenon. The paper, thus begins with a discussion on freedom as it arises in Fanon’s work. This is then followed by a discussion of the concept as it arises in Fanon’s philosophical interlocutors, particularly how Fanon is not only similar to but also different to the above-mentioned philosophers. Thus, the term ‘freedom’ in Fanon’s philosophical thought will be used mainly to refer to liberation and/or freedom resulting from the processes of struggle which then pave the way for the recovery of the black-self. Furthermore, it is used to refer to the enabling social condition that allows for the black-self to flourish and to become self-actional. As an existential thinker, Fanon conceives of liberation and independence in an ethical sense and therefore, as a desirable socio-political state of affairs that ought to be attained by the oppressed.
Keywords: alienation, colonialism, Fanon, freedom, oppressed, race
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Fighting Corruption in the Public Sector through good Governance
Angelo Nicolaides
Head of Department, Philosophy and Applied Ethics
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 39-50, 2024.
Abstract: The central argument of this article is that the problem of corruption in the Public Service in South Africa requires urgent attention if growth is to be achieved. Governance in the Public Service in South Africa relates to a range of structures and processes through which the service is guided, controlled, and held accountable for how it operates. Where there is apposite governance, this invariably delivers the means to help the public service reach its desired aims and objectives. Good governance is non-negotiable in the public service, including inter alia, various ministries, state departments such as Public Service and Administration, Trade and Industry, Defence, Foreign Affairs, Water and Forestry, Science and Technology, Mineral and Energy, Public Enterprises and Home Affairs. The national, provincial and local levels of Government all have legislative and executive authority in their own spheres, and are identified in the Constitution as being distinct, and yet they are interdependent and connected. Sadly, corruption exist at least to an extent in all. There is clearly an inability in the public sector to be more efficient in enhancing programme delivery for optimum results to be achieved. This conceptual study is the result of considering that corruption in any shape or from hugely undermines the development goals of South Africa while also negatively impacting the most on the most vulnerable millions of impoverished people inhabiting the country.
Numerous governmental programmes and services often also intersect and if they are to be delivered in a flawless manner, good governance is non-negotiable. Where there is corruption and abuse of official authority focused on personal reward, bribery, fraud and the misappropriation of state funds, this generally has hugely deleterious effects. This article argues that corruption has shocking consequences and that public servants need to be reflective and self-aware of how they serve the nation and not seek unfair privileges but focus on their ethical responsibilities and duty as servants of the state and where narcissism exists this must be relinquished for the common good. A range of ideas are offered which may assist in mitigating corrupt practices in the public sector.
Keywords: Corruption, ethics, public sector, governance, transparency, accountability.
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Towards Sociology of Oceans: A Question of Plessner’s Positionality in achieving Sustainable development in Rural Coastal Eastern Cape
Phiwani Athi
Department of Sociology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 51-62, 2024.
Abstract: In the era of climate change and technological advances, poverty remains an important issue in sociology. Since the earth’s surface is 70% water; The oceans have sustainably developed human life. The benefits humans have derived from the sea have become the focus of scientific debate. These debates have been influenced by the different views and opinions on how people should use and interact with the marine ecosystem. Anthropocentrism has become a central point of debate or argument in the ecological systems debate, detailing how human beings are impacting the physical environment including the ocean. The focus on human beings as impactors of the physical environment is what makes the sustainability agenda impossible especially in the Ocean. The ocean has been studied as an independent entity and its networks have been unbundled, this unbundling has led to the disturbance of the same Marine ecosystem that is said to be being protected and sustained. One of the effects of the unbundling of this ecosystem is the externalisation of species from most ecosystems, especially the marine ecosystem which is the focus of this paper. While current scholarly work on sustainable development, including but not limited to rural and urban development, is important and highly valued, the sociological focus on the sea and its environment is little to non-existent, particularly in the Republic of South Africa. From Social-Ecological systems theory to Complex adaptive systems theory great work has been done to bring about the most balanced way in which sustainable development can be achieved. The desired outcomes of the schools of thought have not been achieved as today we are still speaking about wetlands, reefs, estuaries, and deep waters population and not leaving out the over-exploitation of marine resources. This Paper argues that the relationship between humans and the ocean can best be understood using Plessner’s positionality theory. Plessner argues that humans’ dualistic nature distinguishes them from other species as they can influence and be influenced by their immediate environment, unlike other species which are only influenced by the natural environment and are unable to do so influencing the behaviour of the environment. Using mixed methods research data was collected from 200 participants who reside in the Coastal Area King Sabatha Dalindeybo. The data was analysed in the linear General model together with thematic analysis. Results suggest that the coastal community members of this rural area position themselves within the marine ecosystem and not outside. This paper therefore recommends that sustainable development especially sustainable ocean interaction should studied through Plessner’s positionality, and this would therefore bring about a new school of thought in Sustainable studies.
Keywords: Human beings, Marine ecosystems, Sustainable Development, Oceans, Positionality.
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Vukuzenzele projects for poverty reduction in rural spaces: a gender perspective
Mildred Samukelisiwe Nkwanyana 1, Joyce Mnesi Mdiniso 2, Simangele Constance Cele 3
1,2,3 University of Zululand, P/Bag x 1001 KwaDlangezwa, South Africa, 3886.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 63-70, 2024.
Abstract: Self-help groups have been initiated as a basic approach to accelerate collective socio-economic development among women, especially in poverty-stricken or marginalised communities. This article provides a content description of how women practice self-help savings to sustain their livelihoods within rural space for poverty alleviation. Sustainable Livelihoods(SLs) theory is adopted as core discussion with emphasise on Africanism. The narrative of vukuzenzele implying hassling to make a living was established to create space for women to discuss issues that affect them in their individual households and in the community at large, the element of hassling for survival is emphasis of the project done by rural women, therefore the sense of Africanism is combined with sustaining of livelihoods of women in this discussion. The Sustainable livelihoods theory is designed to assist communities to come up with sustainable ideas that will lead to money generating activities by forming self-help groups. These Self Hep Groups (SHGs) participate in savings mobilisation, which are conducted on weekly or monthly contributions depending on the agreement and affordability of the group members. From these savings, the SHGs then resume a sustainable programme of income generating activities that foster mutual aid and social cohesion. Women of Eshowe in the rural community of Nkanini, Kwa Khoza, Mombeni and eNtumeni, engaged in this self-help projects. They began with two rands savings and gardening projects which manifested as successful. These women began to cope feeding their families, taking children to school, buying school uniform, and it has progressed to the level where they build houses from the two rands savings project as they have named it and they have managed taking children to tertiary institutions.
The objective of this paper is to reflect on strategies employed by rural women to create economic sustainability for survival of their families therefore a feminism theory has been associated to women’s perspectives towards poverty reduction . Methodological a qualitative approach was employed in this ‘Vukuzenzele’ project. Thematic description of women voices is visible in this article. Theoretically an adoption of Sustainable Livelihoods (SL) is unpacked and focus on poverty reduction strategies in rural villages is reflected on. Findings are described as reflection of the study ; the effectiveness of women, practising self-help to sustain families in their rural space ponded on. “Vukuzenzele” as self-help is evident among these women. The self-help groups (SHGs) described as “Vukuzenzele” showcased sustainable economic resilience, empowerment and sustainable strategies that have been instilled and progressively applied by these women in the rural spaces within Eshowe under the uMlalazi Municipality.
Keywords: Self-help, savings, rural space, sustainable livelihoods, Vukuzenzele and poverty reduction.
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Politicizing Water Supply in South Africa: The Case of uMhlathuze Local Municipality
Owethu Johnson Tutu 1, Nomaswazi Portia Dlamini 2
1,2 Political and International Studies, University of Zululand, 1 Main Road, Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 71-80, 2024.
Abstract: The global issue of water shortages and lack of access to clean water is particularly severe in South Africa due to a combination of historical inequalities, infrastructure difficulties, and politics. This article investigates the politics of water supply in the uMhlathuze Local Municipality, located in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. The article examines the intricate socio-political factors that influence water availability, distribution, and administration in the municipality using a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates political science, environmental studies, and public policy. Using empirical data and case studies, this analysis examines how governance institutions, political interests, community dynamics, and historical legacies influence water politics in uMhlathuze. The report also examines the consequences for water governance, social equity, and sustainable development in the region.
Keywords: Water supply, Politicization, South Africa, uMhlathuze Local Municipality, Governance, Social justice, Sustainable development).
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Evaluating Youth Participation in Mogale City Local Municipality’s Decision-Making Processes
Stanley Maphosa 1, Philani Moyo 2
1 Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences.
University of Zululand, I Main Road, Vulindlela, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
2 Fort Hare Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Fort Hare, 50 Church Street, East London, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 81-90, 2024
Abstract: This paper examines the transformation of decision-making processes within the Mogale City Local Municipality (MCLM) with a focus on enhancing youth participation. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of involving youth in governance structures to ensure policies and decisions are inclusive and reflective of diverse perspectives. However, the extent to which MCLM has embraced this imperative remains uncertain. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, this study investigates the mechanisms and initiatives employed by MCLM to engage young people in decision-making processes. It assesses the effectiveness of these strategies in fostering active and meaningful youth participation. Drawing on interviews, surveys, and document analysis, the research examines the perceptions of both youth representatives and municipal officials regarding the level of youth involvement, barriers encountered, and the impact on decision outcomes. The findings suggest a variety of approaches have been implemented, including youth councils, consultation forums, and capacity-building programs. However, challenges such as tokenistic engagement, limited resources, and a lack of institutional support hinder the realisation of genuine youth empowerment. Moreover, there is evidence of discrepancies between youth aspirations and municipal priorities, raising questions about the alignment of decision-making processes with the needs and interests of young people. This paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on youth participation in local governance by providing insights into the specific context of Mogale City. By critically evaluating the extent of transformation in decision-making processes, it offers recommendations for enhancing youth engagement and ensuring their voices are integral to municipal decision-making. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of inclusive governance structures that recognize and harness the potential of youth as key stakeholders in shaping the future of their communities.
Keywords: decision-making processes, empowerment, inclusivity, local governance, youth participation.
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Advancing Economic Development at the Expense of Black Communities: A Study of the Somkhele Mine, since 2007
Mxolisi Bongumusa Cebekhulu 1, Patrick Alpheous Nyathi 2, Mthandeni Patric Mbatha 3
1Department of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, KwaDlangezwa Campus, University of Zululand, South Africa.
2 Department of Languages and Social Sciences, Faculty of Education, KwaDlangezwa Campus, University of Zululand, South Africa.
3 Department of History, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, KwaDlangezwa Campus, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 91-100, 2024.
Abstract: In rural areas of South Africa, mining development overseen by traditional leadership authorities has faced significant criticism in recent years. Concerns have been raised regarding the impact of these mines on natural environments, the livelihoods of rural residents and the perceived lack of adequate compensation for those displaced from their traditional lands. Environmental activists have aligned themselves with local communities, participating in protests and initiating legal actions, including interdicts, against mining operations in these rural areas. Years spanning 1948 and 1994, South Africa’s history witnessed widespread displacement of communities from their traditional areas to various locations, driven by diverse factors such as the clearance of ‘black spots’, compliance with Influx Control legislation, urbanization initiatives, development schemes, strategic projects, and Homeland Consolidation efforts. The majority of those affected by these displacements were black communities. Despite the prevalence of such events, there is a notable scarcity of literature documenting the experiences of these relocated communities particularly in rural areas. This article seeks to reconstruct the experiences of black communities relocated due to the establishment and expansion of Somkhele/Tendele coal mine, in Mtubatuba, Northern KwaZulu Natal. Special attention is given to the removal process and the responses of the affected people. In doing this, the study employs a qualitative research approach, using open-ended interviews with the locals. In addition, archival material, official documents and newspaper articles, media statements relevant to the topic under study are used. The study concludes that the relocation was not aimed at improving the well-being of the relocated individuals, but rather served to generate the economy for the mining companies at the expense of the locals. This narrative is drawn from qualitative research, providing insights into the sentiments and attitudes of the victims.
Keywords: Apartheid, community, dispossession, forced removals, marginalization, Somkhele.
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Care for the Caregivers: Psychosocial Risk Factors Among gender-based violence Victim Support, Social Workers in South Africa
Matshemo Joyce Moganedi 1, Nkuke Evans Mohlatlole 2
1 Department of Social Work, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa campus, Inkanyiso Building – Office 06
2 Lifestyle Disease Entity, North-West University, Mmabatho, 2735, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 101-108, 2024
Abstract: This study explored the challenges gender-based violence victim support social workers face in South Africa, focusing on psycho-social risk factors that can impact their well-being and professional effectiveness. The study identifies specific risks these professionals face, such as increased workload, long working hours, emotional exhaustion, exposure to traumatic experiences, and blurring of personal and professional boundaries. Purposive sampling and document analysis revealed that there are psycho-social risks factors faced by these professionals, emphasising the need for comprehensive support services that prioritise the well-being and resilience of social workers. Measures such as work-life balance, organisational support, adequate resources, and trainings are crucial. Implementing these measures can create a supportive and sustainable work environment for gender-based violence victim support social workers in South Africa.
Keywords: gender-based violence; psychosocial risk factors; social workers; victim support
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Neighbourhood satisfaction in established suburban council rental housing estates in South African cities: A case study of Kenneth Gardens, Durban
Godfrey G. Musvoto 1, Robynne Jean Hansmann 2
1,2 Durban University of Technology Department of Town and Regional Planning PO Box 1334 Durban 4001, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 109-126, 2024.
Abstract: This study on neighbourhood satisfaction questions the efficacy of planning to respond to the challenges emanating from local government management and services provision deficits at a neighbourhood scale. Using the case study of Kenneth Gardens Council Rental Housing Estate in Durban, South Africa, this investigation critiques neighbourhood satisfaction in established post-apartheid social housing estates that are defined by diversity of tenants and relatively good neighbourhood amenity environment. A household survey was conducted on a sample size of 140 household apartments focusing on the profile of respondents, household characteristics, and households’ satisfaction with neighbourhood attributes such as access to different neighbourhood facilities and perceptions about pollution and crime. Qualitative open-ended interviews were also conducted with key informants and role players in the neighbourhood such as officials from the eThekwini Municipality Housing Department and ward committee members in Kenneth Gardens. Qualitative thematic analysis, descriptive statistical tabulations and inferential cross-tabulations were used for data analysis. The findings revealed that on average most households are satisfied with access to facilities, and that most households agree that pollution and crime are neighbourhood challenges. In addition, a causal association between household characteristics and neighbourhood attributes points to a predisposition of certain households to a lack of satisfaction with specific neighbourhood attributes. The paper recommends neighbourhood planning policy initiatives that address the special needs for the vulnerable and minority population groups in multi-racial and socio-culturally diverse public housing estates.
Keywords: council rental estates; neighbourhood environment; neighbourhood facilities; neighbourhood satisfaction; residential satisfaction; social housing
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Inclusion of sex education in the curriculum: A strategy geared towards addressing the prevalence of sexual violence in institutions of higher learning
Mandisa Samukelisiwe Makhaye 1, Siyanda Dlamini 2
1,2 Department of Criminal Justice, University of Zululand, 1 Main Road Vulindlela, kwadlangezwa, Empangeni, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 127-136, 2024.
Abstract: Sexual violence is a pervasive problem infiltrating institutions of higher learning across the world. This newly named “pandemic” has long-term detrimental effects on students’ academic and social lives. This paper reports on a qualitative study that interviewed students, security personnel and student counselling staff members of three institutions of higher learning in KwaZulu Nata (Durban), to examine the social context of sexual victimization of female students in institutions of higher learning. Findings presented that universities are microcosms of society, and the culture of society is always expressed on university campuses. Influential factors which are reflective of an individual’s family socialisation, background, and culture, permit behaviour leading to sexual violence. When students interact with one another, gender stereotypes are reinforced, allowing for inappropriate behaviours such as sexual violence. Additionally, the study found that students lacked information and education about their rights, as well as the ability to give or withhold consent. This paper foregrounds the nature of sexual violence and how it is a complex problem driven by a combination of factors including educational and cultural background, and socialisation. This highlights crucial ways in which university campuses reflect wider social dynamics and universities are in an advantageous position to address these dynamics using the curriculum. Therefore, the main recommendation of this paper is for the inclusion of sex education into the entry-level curriculum for all first-time entering students. This is envisioned to be a short programme covering a wide range of critical topics such as basic human rights, gender and sexuality, sexual intercourse, consent, lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and substance use. This will contribute to the development of a student’s identity that is founded on information that will help students make informed decisions and contribute to attempts to curb sexual violence in institutions of higher learning.
Keywords: consent; education; gender; human rights; sexuality; sexual violence; university.
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The potential and challenges of urban agriculture in promoting food security and economic development in South Africa
Khulekani S. Tembe1, Mandla A. Mubecua2
1Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa,38886, South Africa.
2School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524
Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 137-134, 2024
Abstract: Although the South African government invested in addressing the rise of urbanisation, this has not been achieved and it has been a threat to urban food security. Urban agriculture is important for ensuring urban food security and it plays a vital role in enhancing South African township economies. The fundamental of urban agriculture has been noticed in solving people’s livelihoods, food security, economic development, and job creation, more especially, in townships. Furthermore, urban agriculture plays a crucial role in terms of absorbing a lot of the labour force and offering raw materials for industrial growth and development. The South African government have recognised urban agriculture as one of the instruments that could be used to revitalise townships economies. The study used secondary data to understand the potential of urban agriculture in development and its limitations that affect its operation in development. The study shows that there are challenges that hold the agricultural sector back, the issue of politics of land, pest and diseases, lack of financial support, poor infrastructure, and lack of access to the market. There is a limited space for urban farmers to practice agriculture and that there is competition of space among different sector of development in cities, this study proposes that there should be bylaws or framework promote that sectors in cities should have equal space to practice their development.
Keywords: Urban Agriculture, Food security, economic development, South Africa.
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Incubation and local economic development interventions in rural spaces
Nompumelelo Linda1, Simangele C. Cele2, Joyce M. Mdiniso3, Gugulethu S. Nkosi4
Department of Recreation and Tourism, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 145-152, 2024
Abstract: The majority of startups fail in their early stage of existence; therefore, incubation is a method for assisting both local economic development and start-up business survival prospects for the rural spaces. While many conceptualizations focus on the physical facilities of the incubation, others emphasize the local economic development process or inputs. The incubation process is envisioned as a nurturing environment for the establishment of self-help groups (SHGs). The purpose of this study is to explore the interventions that were made in rural spaces for local economic development. The study was conducted in uMlalazi Local Municipality, within the province of KwaZulu-Natal, Eshowe. The high unemployment rate forced women to develop the agriculture, block-making, and poultry farming initiatives. In such communities, women pull forces and work together to make a living for their households through different initiatives and programmes. For this study, the self-help saving groups are led by the KwaZulu-Natal Regional Council of Churches (KRCC) coordinators and community facilitators that are funded by the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund (NMCF). The SHGs are centred around the concept of ukonga “savings” which is an informal and village mobilisation savings approach which is aimed at providing financial access for the poor for the betterment of household livelihoods. For the intent of gathering data for this qualitative study, distinctive face-to-face interviews were carried out with specified individuals. The sample size for this study was 15 participants selected from various stakeholders within the local municipality. The interviews focused mainly on the organisational frameworks, activities, and roles that these self-help groups provide in each of the domains they serve. Utilizing content analysis, the data were examined. There are programs being implemented in rural areas to advance women in this local municipality. The study employs the stakeholder’s theory and local economic development (LED) theory. The study’s findings imply that rural areas face obstacles to local economic development and incubation. The findings revealed that there are activities that take place in these rural spaces as interventions for uplifting the standard of living.
Keywords: rural spaces; local economic development; self-help groups; local development
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Fostering National Inclusion in South Africa through Social Movements: The Role of Visual Arts Education Practices
Raita Steyn 1, Sonel Kleinhans 2
1, 2 Humanities Education, Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 153-164, 2024
Abstract: This study examines the development of a collective historical memory and the relevant obstacles that hinder harmonious symbiosis in the socio-culturally and economically heterogeneous South African society through social awareness, mutual acceptance, assimilation, and integration. By analysing the role of three renown social movements, namely #FeesMustFall, #RhodesMustFall, and #BlackLivesMatter, the study explores their inclusive potential through their unifying dynamics as well pedagogically, their thematic introduction in the Visual Arts class especially their impact on teachers’/learners’ interaction. The subject matter is approached from three critical angles: a) nationally, by an analysis of the controversial concept of collective historical memory in the South African cultural and historical context; b) educationally, through a pedagogical examination of the #hashtag platform inclusive dynamics for organising constructive social movements, attracting public participation, evoking social empathy, and facilitating open communication; and c) pedagogically, by assessing the educational role of Visual Arts approaches in developing critical thinking and creativity, and socially relevant to collective national consciousness. This includes understanding social awareness of community needs, engaging in collective protests for social justice and equality within the South African socio-historical context. To assess the collective influence of the #hashtag approach and its power to transform and innovate the South African educational system through an inclusive approach, the research discussed existing studies from a critical viewpoint. The findings bring to the fore the advantageous contributions as well as potential obstacles social media may cause to social movements, highlighting the urgent need for South Africa to foster a cohesive social exchange between different societal groups and dismantle the deeply-rooted barriers in the historically fragmented society. The dynamics of activism, information dissemination, and collective behaviour in the digital age of nowadays are central issues in understanding the intersection of social movements, social media, and socially relevant arts education. Additionally, promoting inclusion through the integration of social movement knowledge into educational curricula (such as History, Sociology, Communication, and Languages) can prepare and empower young individuals to critically engage with societal issues and contribute to positive social transformation.
Keywords: #hashtag; Collective historical memory; Media; Social awareness; Us and Them
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The influence Rent-seeking dynamics on public procurement processes in South Africa: A contingency perspective of knowledge management
Thandiwe Valencia Makamo 1, Mthabiseng Pertunia Ngwamba 2
1,2 Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa,38886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 165-174, 2024.
Abstract: Rent-seeking in public procurement is a widespread problem where people engage in it as an effort to maximize their profits out of self-preservation. This study examines the impact of rent-seeking on procurement practices in the South African public sector, using Nkomazi Local Municipality as the case study. When allocating government resources, public procurement is crucial. Nonetheless, it is impacted by both internal and external factors, including ignorance, non-compliance, accountability issues, transparency issues, and rent-seeking. consequently, these may be harmful to both public finances and economic growth. It is imperative that the government implement policies that foster accountability, equity, and openness. Regulating procurement processes can be greatly aided by the enforcement of explicit rules, policies, and regulations.
By offering a safe and transparent platform for executing procurement procedures, e-procurement can significantly reduce the danger of corruption and human interaction while resolving a number of difficulties related to rent-seeking opportunities. The application of Contingency Theory has become more widespread in acknowledging that there is no one-size-fits-all method for addressing information exchange within the supply chain. In order to improve the effectiveness of the organization’s knowledge base, knowledge management a strategy that encourages the transfer of knowledge among individuals, groups, departments, and sections is crucial in the public procurement industry. The theories that relate organizational structure and leadership make knowledge management the most appropriate and central strategy to handle both internal and external problems that may arise. Therefore, in order to uncover the problems related to rent-seeking in public procurement procedures, this research uses a systematic literature review.
In order to gather systematic literature for the current study on the dynamics of rent-seeking in the public sector, the study selects peer-reviewed works; journals, books, articles, thesis or dissertations with relevant sources. The researcher discovered that municipalities are dealing with issues including inadequate planning, rent-seeking, inadequate expertise, and staff training in procurement. As a result, by safeguarding and exploiting information resources, knowledge management is a discipline whose purpose is to boost productivity for both individuals and organizations, both now and in the future.
Finally, the study suggests using online SCM tools to assess situations for immediate response, such as e-procurement, to help monitor and evaluate impacts progress continuously. The study recommends that research must be undertaken to discover how to react to tactics to manage government strategy based on real-time feedback to minimize any potential repercussions or obstacles.
Keywords: Contingency theory, E-procurement, Knowledge management, Public procurement, rent-seeking.
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Water Governance at Ehlanzeni District Municipality
Joyce M. Mdiniso 1, Nkateko D. Twala 2
1,2 Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa,38886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 175-184, 2024.
Abstract: The effectiveness and efficiency of water provision within municipalities especially in developing countries such as South Africa is still a huge problem. As a result, the article explored water governance in the community of Ehlanzeni District Municipality. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of water delivery and to identify challenges associated with water governance. Purposive sampling was utilised, and the interview and observation schedules were used to collect data from five municipality officials and five community members. Content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings show that there is an inadequate water supply to the communities at Ehlanzeni Municipality and one of the major causes of the setback has been climate change. The findings of the study showed that the problem of lack of water provision had been persistent over the years to the extent that people have been relying on river water, which has made people sick in the community. It is also indicated that the adopted strategies to deal with the lack of water provision have only been effective in dealing with inequality, and not necessarily the problem of water shortages. The study recommends that the municipality, in collaboration with stakeholders, NGOs, and community members, should embark on massive campaigns to create awareness concerning the need for people to save water.
Keywords: water governance, water scarcity, municipality
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Stimulation of Rural Enterprises in Zululand District
Ziphezinhle Chamane 1, Joyce M. Mdiniso 2
1,2 Department of Anthropology and Development Studies, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa,3886, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 185-194, 2024.
Abstract: Rural enterprises are known for contributing to rural development because they can create job opportunities for rural people. There seem to be few rural enterprises that exist, and these rural enterprises seem to be unsustainable and are not contributing to rural development since acute poverty and high rate of unemployment still exist in rural areas. For rural enterprises to significantly contribute to rural development they need to be stimulated. This article focuses on how to stimulate rural enterprises in order for them to contribute to rural development in Zululand District Municipality. The study is qualitative and has utilised a purposive method was used to identify a sample that comprises twenty rural enterprises and twelve officials from the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development and Reform participated in the study. Data was collected using interview questions from rural enterprise owners about their participation in associations that help them grow their businesses and to determine how these government departments stimulate rural enterprises. Results revealed that both departments are focusing more on farming enterprises than on non-farming enterprises. The latter appears neglected even though the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform has formulated policies relevant to these enterprises. Policies and programmes directed at farming enterprises are more successful and organised and the opposite is true for non-farming enterprises. The government and non-government organisations should help both farming and non-farming rural enterprises to grow by facilitating and coordinating the formation and functioning of both farming and non-farming rural enterprise associations. The non-farming enterprises should also be given priority since they can employ people who could not be employed by farming enterprises.
Keywords: Farming Enterprises, Non-Farming Enterprises, Rural Development, South Africa
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The Power-Corruption Link in Politics: A Philosophical Analysis
Gontse Lebakeng
Department of Philosophy, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 195-206, 2024.
Abstract: What best explains why corruption happens? To answer this question, it is crucial to understand what corruption is. Some define it as a moral issue involving “unethical behaviour through bribery or other unlawful means”. The definition emphasises the ethical element of corruption. Others define corruption as an “abuse of power…for private gain”. Here, the emphasis falls on the power element required for corruption. My position is that the two accounts are not mutually exclusive and should not be seen as inherently competing. I argue that an intimate link exists between the moral and power elements, and this link offers a holistic account of corruption. In this paper, I show that the moralising account is incomplete without the power account for at least two reasons. The first is that it runs the risk of endorsing moral relativism. The second is that it does not take full cognisance of the social factors surrounding corrupt transactions. I argue, therefore, that to understand why corruption happens, we should consider both the moral condition and the power of the individual committing a corrupt act. We can achieve a fruitful understanding of corruption if we explore the intimate link between corruption and power.
Keywords: Authority; corruption; moral; politics; power.
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The Potential of Artificial Intelligence in South African Rural Development
Gedala Mulliah Naidoo 1
1Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Humanities Social Science,
University of Zululand, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 11, Pg. 207-218, 2024.
Abstract: This paper investigates the capacity of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in rural development projects in South Africa. The study explores how AI can be used to address socioeconomic issues faced by rural communities in South Africa and advance sustainable development. By using prior research and practical examples, this paper aims to highlight the potential advantages, disadvantages, and implications of using AI for rural development in South Africa. Rural areas in South Africa may gain access to vital services, including healthcare, education, and infrastructure, by leveraging the capabilities of AI. AI can also optimise agricultural techniques, enhance productivity, and create new economic opportunities. Overall, this article emphasises the capacity of AI to enable positive transformations and empower rural communities in South Africa in the digital era. However, it is vital that the possible negative associations of excessive reliance on AI in rural development, such as job displacement, concerns about data privacy, and the exacerbation of existing inequities within communities. In many rural regions of South Africa, the significant expenses associated with deploying and maintaining AI systems may also be unaffordable. Even though AI has the potential to make things better and give rural communities more power, it is important to be aware of the bad things that could happen, like people losing their jobs and inequality getting worse. The substantial financial burdens linked to the installation and upkeep of AI technology could potentially hinder the ability of numerous rural regions in South Africa to fully benefit from these advancements.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, rural development, South Africa, socio-economic challenges, sustainable development.
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