OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open access peer-reviewed journal
Family Planning and Sustainable Development: Lessons Learnt from India’s Social Policy Plans
Shubhaang Sinha a
a NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 12-19, 2013.
Abstract: The link between sustainable development and population growth was first exposed by Thomas Robert Malthus, a British scholar and economist, who in his book “Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)” correlated uncontrolled population growth with scarcity of resources. Out of the two balancing processes in this regard; positive checks which include natural counters like war, famines and disease, and negative checks like delayed marriages and abstinence from sex, Family Planning is of the species of the latter set.
In India, the need for Family Planning at a functional level was felt as early as in 1951 when the first draft of the First Five Year Plan contained a section “Population Pressure: Its Bearing on Development.” However, most Indian policymakers, at that time did not view it as a pressing issue as they believed that as per the Demographic Transition Theory, high economic growth would in turn take care of the population rate just as it had in Europe in the early part of the twentieth century. However India did not have the luxury of utilizing resources from its colonies to feed its growth like the European powers had done in the colonial era and with increasing health facilities, increasing life expectancy and lower mortality rate, an enormous strain on the country’s resources, despite advents like the green revolution, was evident, and the government was forced to intervene.
Over the decades, family planning as a government policy has yo-yoed over different extremes. The methodologies have varied from a position in the early 1950s where the then Minister of Health only considered the “rhythm method” as morally correct and distributed beaded necklaces to women to determine their safe days, to a more hardened approach of coercive vasectomies and tubectomies in the 1970s wherein camps were set up, government employees threatened, and in states like Rajasthan, more than 7.8 million men were sterilized. However despite all legal and extra legal efforts, the population growth rate remained steadily high.
A variety of reasons can be attributed to the failure of these policies. Most important of them emanate from the socio-economic peculiarities of India. In this paper, the population control aspects of all the Five Year Plans since independence and the National Population Policy of 2000 have been examined in varying detail. For this, first the policies have been contextualized and then their effectiveness, i.e. their effect on the birth rate has been scrutinized using empirical statistical data and research literature. Following this, the shortcomings of the policies have been touched upon and their reasons, especially the ones which are still pertinent in today’s context have been elaborated upon.
Under Indira Gandhi’s tenure, three main obstacles for family planning in India were identified. First was the lack of contraceptive supplies, the second was inadequate medical personnel and finally the lack of awareness about the importance of birth control. However, these fail to go to the root of the problem.
In India, the varying gender roles are a major contributor to this issue. In traditional Hindu societies, sons are supposed to be the ones who have the duty to perform ‘pinda dan’ and are considered as the propagators of the family line. Additionally, it is believed that through marriage, women become a part of their husband’s family. It was the son who apart from being the economic breadwinner was responsible for ensuring the wellbeing of his parents during their old age.
Other factors in this discussion include the aspect of religion based misgivings to contraception, the high mortality rate triggering a failsafe mechanism and the vicious cycle of having a high percentage of population in the reproductively active age.
For population control plans to actually succeed, their importance in the private lives of individuals needs to be evident, as was corroborated in the Harvard sponsored Khanna Study, conducted in the early 1950s and for that, rather than just birth rate, an holistic overall health approach needs to be adopted that includes the well being of the mother and the child, even after birth.
In this paper, the population policies from the countries like, inter alia, China and Indonesia, which face a similar population problem, have also been examined and their best practices have been extracted to arrive at suggestions to improve the presently ineffective Indian system. Many of these suggestions can also be adapted to suit the needs of other similarly placed nations. Family Planning is a highly complex, multifaceted, yet compelling issue and the fact that it is intrinsically linked with sustainable development makes it an exceptionally relevant and pertinent topic in the Indian as well as the international scenario.
Keywords: Family Planning, Indian Social Policy Plans, Population Control, Sustainable Development
Global Commons: Whose Responsibility is it?
Priyamvada Mishra a
a Department of Political Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi-110032, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 20-26, 2013.
Abstract: Our planet is a finite place. It represents a closed resource system except for the inflow of sunlight from outer space. It is endowed with finite stocks of natural capital, made (by humans) capital and human capital (embodied in persons) at any point of time. Human well being is described by the outcomes of use of these capital stocks. The distribution of these outcomes determines the opportunities that individuals have to make choices. Among the different kind of stocks, made capital is a derivative of the past use of natural resources, human labour and technology. Human capital, on the other hand represents human population human population with its skill and ability of creating values by the use of scientific knowledge and technology. The stock of natural resources- biotic and abiotic- including solar energy flow at any point of time, on the other hand, is entirely given by nature. It is driven by bio- physical laws of natural sciences, although their potential of contribution to human well being depends on the level of development and use of the knowledge base, along with the social and institutional order of the economic system.
The problem of man and biosphere is not only interdisciplinary but also has an international dimension. There are studies of individual countries and of groups thereof, reflecting the specific features of their natural environment, economic system, and social structure and so on. An important aspect of these refers to what is a rational assimilation of natural resources and the economic evaluation of both the positive and negative consequences of man’s interaction with his environment. The concept of territorial Production Complexes which is increasingly being employed in national economic plans is an offshoot of these developments and has considerable bearing on resource studies, their economic evaluation, and estimation of their sufficiency or otherwise, resource cycles etc.
The concept of sustainable development has become currently a fashionable buzzword in the international environmental lobby as well as national policies on environment and development. Every international agency from World Bank to UNICEF now has its own definition of the concept. For the environmentalists, sustainable development denotes a radical change from the past. For the economists and MNCs, the concept means simply “sustained growth” or “sustained profits” while others interpret sustainable development mere as a shift to local self reliance and empowerment of the marginalized poor, where ecology provides the guiding principle. The Economists view sustainable development as economic progress in which the quantity and quality of one stocks of natural resources and the integrity of biochemical cycles are sustained and passed on to future generations unimpaired.
Any discussion on sustainable development has to focus on environment and economy relationship, which is not only close and interconnected, but it is two- way as all economic activities either affects or are affected by environmental resources [Economic Survey 1999]. Almost all economic activities, such as, processing and manufacturing, mining and extraction, consumption, transport, and disposal affect environment in three ways: (i) they change the stock of natural resources through direct consumption, (ii) they add stress to the existing environmental systems, and (iii) they introduce waste to environmental media which require treatment. In any situation, supply and quality of natural resources would influence the productivity of an economic system.
Environmental resources, on the other hand get closely linked to economic activities through three different but related channels: (a) natural resources are used as inputs into production; (b) production process generates waste related to the environment’s assimilative capacity, and (c) they are directly consumed as life support services and for aesthetic amenities. The natural and environmental resources such as water, soil, air, biological, forest and fisheries resources thus are important productive assets. Their quality helps determine the productivity of the economy. The economic management of the environment and the environmental quality has important repercussions on the efficient working of the economy.
Sustainable development as a desirable objective requires a dynamic, participatory and an interdisciplinary approach. Given the tangible damage to the nature and the disharmony between man and nature with emerging uncertainty over the life support which we may all have to witness once the society undergoes a radical shift in the nature, structure and composition of an ecosystem, we must take into account depletion an degradation of natural capital on the one hand, and follow people oriented participatory and interdisciplinary approach to achieve the goals of sustainable development on the other.
Keywords: Consumption, Development, Environment, International, Natural Resources.
Agriculture for Sustainable Development in India
Sangeet a, Sukhpal Singh b, Shruti Bhogal c
a, b, c Department of Economics and sociology,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 28-43, 2013.
Abstract: Agriculture has been a way of life and continues to be the single most important livelihood of the masses in India. The country is the second largest economy in Asia after China, as measured in terms of its gross domestic product (GDP). The main objective of the study is to examine the role of agriculture in sustainable economic development of the Indian economy. India ranks among the top countries of the world with regard to production of food grains, fruits & vegetables, commercial crops, livestock and animal products. Agriculture has been acting as a driving force for our economy as it generates employment, national income, foreign exchange, food for people, feed for livestock, etc. However, since 1950-51, the focus of the successive governments on agricultural development has been declining which is evident from the declining budget allocated for agriculture and allied activities; from about 15 per cent during the first five year plan to a mere 3.7 per cent during the eleventh five year plan. Despite the struggle for growth without any preferential assistance, agricultural sector still provides employment to about 53 per cent of the total Indian population. The growth rate of agriculture including allied activities is 1.91 per cent and it accounted for 13.69 percent of GDP of the country in 2012-13. On an average the percentage share of agricultural imports and exports to total national imports and exports in 2010-11 was 3.50 percent and 10.47 percent, respectively. India’s livestock sector is the largest in the world which provides milk, wool, hides, meat and also, draught power for farm operations. Such a vast number of livestock needs to be fed and agriculture is the source for it. The public sector investment in agriculture sector has been declining since 2004-05 as it was 21.27 per cent of the total investment which declined to 15.11 per cent in 2010-11. Contrastingly, private investment in this sector has been increasing during the same period. Sustained development can be assured through the fulfillment of basic needs of employment, food and shelter, for which agriculture plays a pivotal role. For agricultural sector to evolve and for sustainable economic development, focus needs to be laid on substantial increase in public investment, agriculture research and development of rural infrastructure. Efforts are also needed to create strong research-extension-farm linkages. For this purpose, there must be promotion of farmers’ organization groups. Thus, a complementary state cooperative strategy may play a key role to improve agricultural production and productivity. Appropriate agricultural policy, food procurement and distribution policy are needed for agricultural development. In addition, pricing of inputs such as seeds, chemicals, electricity and irrigation water must be controlled by the government. Farm subsidies should be rationalized and better targeted to benefit the small and marginal farmers. These subsidies are justified as they benefit not only small producers but the society at large. Efforts are being made to increase the crop intensity but emphasis also needs to be laid on making optimum use of dry lands which are about two-thirds of the total arable land. National policies should aim at and encourage the efficient use of rainwater for dry land farming which can be facilitated by constructing adequate infrastructure. This will facilitate agricultural development after centuries of stagnant agriculture, in the semi-arid areas. There is ample evidence that agriculture has both contributed to and been impacted by climate change. More research is needed to understand climate change in order to enhance the resilience of agriculture. Though agriculture plays a vital role in the economic development, the urgency to protect, sustain and develop it has been left in the hind side. All the sectors of an economy are important, but only a developed agricultural sector will lead to comprehensive growth. Revitalisation of cooperative institutions, improving rural credit system, reorganising research, human resource development, trade and export promotion, land reforms and education among masses are the fundamental issues for an all-round development of the economy and to build an egalitarian society.
Keywords: Agriculture; employment; role of agriculture; Indian economy and sustainable development
Corporate Social Responsibility: A Relationship between Business Organizations and the Society
Preeti Deswal a, Neha Raghav b
a Banasthali university, Rajasthan, India.
b Ansal university, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 38-44, 2013.
Abstract: A very simple understanding of the word corporate social responsibility is that it is a relationship between business organizations and the society with which they interact. Under CSR, business organizations voluntarily embark on various developmental activities for the welfare of the society. CSR has assumed a new meaning in today’s world, given that it has extended the boundaries of the firm into the society. But it is a highly misunderstood & misinterpreted term in India. Some Indian companies believe that merely complying with laws & regulations fulfills their need for social responsibility. A responsible corporate recognizes that its activities have wider impact on the society in which it operates.
Corporate social responsibility is one such niche area of corporate behavior & governance that needs to get aggressively addressed & implemented tactfully in the organizations. At the same time CSR is one effective tool that synergizes the efforts of corporate & the social sector agencies towards sustainable growth & development of the societal objectives at large.
This paper emphasizes that how CSR has become the linchpin for development of any corporate organizations. This paper tries to bring out CSR initiatives taken by various organizations in India. It will help the readers to understand the current state of Indian CSR, its impact on the Indian society.
Keywords: Business, CSR, Corporate, India, Responsibility
Law as a Medium of Change, to Achieve Sustainable Development & Use of Clean Energy
Sachin Sukumar a
a School of Law, Christ University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 46-56, 2013.
Abstract: The aim of this research paper is to critically analyze the relationship that exists between the use of green energy and a healthy environment, and also aims at understanding the effect of use of non-environmentally friendly sources, such as coal, thermal, and nuclear substances which are used in order to generate energy and its devastating impact on the environment. The paper seeks to address the problem of environmental pollution with a legal remedy, by pointing out the loopholes in the current environmental laws that are in force and by providing for more rigid and effective implementation mechanisms, a system of checks and balances which focuses on the reduction and misuse of natural resources used for creation of energy and providing a substitute or alternative source, which can be used in the process of power generation. The aim of this paper is to ensure the ultimate reduction of environmental degradation, pollution and overall harm being caused to the natural environment and further more help prevent the destruction of natural habitats of various species, by providing a model which will put a stop to the prevalent practice of deforestation for the purpose of building power plants, power generation units, causing the destruction of various ecosystems and water sources. The paper concentrates on the governmental policies which are in force with regard to environmental protection ,which are largely inadequate and lacking , and provides remedial measures and possible amendments which can improve the existing framework of laws so as to ensure the safety of the environment, and which can to a large extent , if implemented, ensure a healthy environment, prevent the exploitation of natural resources to a minimum, and build a framework which will facilitate the idea of development in such a manner ,which can go hand in hand with eco-friendly methods of generation of power and use of clean energy .It can reduce the dependency on conventional sources of energy which are in short supply ,to more viable and less harmful ,and moreover renewable and cleaner substitutes which can be equally effective in the process of power generation and production of energy. Finally, the paper seeks to shed light on issues which are related with the process of power generation by utilizing an empirical approach and suggest changes which can possibly be beneficial in both economic as well as the environmental aspect , the premise of the research paper is to take us a step closer towards understanding the problems and solutions related to achieving sustainable development , the present volume of power needed ,how to circumvent the problem of demand and supply while keeping in mind the necessity of utilizing resources judiciously, and also bearing in mind the requirements of both the society & environment at the same time by effectively utilizing Law as a medium of implementing positive change. The observations put forth in this paper will not only be relevant in the Indian scenario but also will have global significance, since this issue being faced by the world at large, is contemporary in nature.
Keywords: Energy, Environment, Law, Policy, Sustainable
A Qualitative Decision-Support Model for Evaluating Indian States and Union Territories
Sehaj Duggal a, Deepak Sharma b, Sarita Azad c
a School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
b School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
c School of Basic Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 56-73, 2013.
Abstract: This paper “A qualitative decision-support model for evaluating Indian states and Union Territories” deals with hierarchically defining the requirements for sustainable development of India by analysing socio-economic indicators and presenting qualitative results. India is one of the most diversified nation in terms of social, cultural and economic factors. As per the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) world economic database, 2012, India ranks as 10th largest economy in the world by nominal Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 3rd largest in the world by its purchasing power parity. But, to develop a sustainable nation which is at peak of diversity requires further considerations at deeper levels rather than the global variables referred by GDP. Therefore, further sub-categories relating to the socio-economic development of India need to be considered to analyze the standard of living and development of its dwellers, who are the major stakeholders of any sustainable nation. This work deals with the development of qualitative parameters for measuring the overall current condition of states of India based on such socio-economic indicators using a multiple-attribute decision making (MADM) tool called DEXi. DEXi is a widely used decision making tool which provided an effective qualitative data for various important attributes concerning different states in India and their state of holistic development. DEXi is a complete shell for qualitative multi-attribute decision modeling and support. During the last decade, it has been applied several times in complex real-world decision-making. Further, Modified Digital Logic (MDL) is also used for assigning weights to different attributes to produce an effective and suitably weighed analytical results. The qualitative data is reasoned from actual quantitative data which is analyzed using DEXi. The socio-economic indicators used for the analysis are education; basic living, awareness and health care; economic status and energy consumption; crime and public protection and social status of women. These six main topics are further subdivided to make a deeper level in the hierarchy and henceforth, provide useful and ease to interpret qualitative results using linguistic terms. For e.g.; for any state, under the basic living, awareness and health care indicator; households having safe drinking water facility, households having permanent structure, media exposure, HIV awareness, hospitals (per unit population) and life expectancy at birth are the sub categories considered. The result of this in-depth MADM analysis provides the measurement of root socio-economic causes in different states of India. This work emphasizes on different weak points of the Indian states (including the capital; Delhi) and provides with different areas on which improvements can be made to for improving the conditions of states and nation as a whole. This analysis can be acted upon any developing nation which aims to find the variables effecting its socio-economic development. Hence, the work could be mainly used by developing nations like Asian nations like China and many African and European nations like Nigeria, Kenya, Somalia, etc. This study can help policy makers (for e.g.; for the amendments in energy policy) and higher level dignitaries involved in strategic development of five year plans to address to the issues of great importance.
Keywords: states, qualitative, DEXi, MADM, policy
Post -2015 MDG Approach towards
Environment Sustainability: A Case Study of Vishwakarma Yojana
Varsha Raina a, Indrajit Patel b, Jagruti Hardik Shah c, Jaydev Bhavsar d
a, d Civil Engineering Department , Birla Vishwakarma
Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, Anand, Gujarat, India.
b Structural Engineering Department, Birla Vishvakarma
Mahavidyalaya Engineering College, Anand, Gujarat, India.
c Vishwakarma yojana, Anand, Gujarat, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 76-81, 2013.
Abstract: The year 2009-10 was declared as the drought year for India. The cascading effects of the drought were felt everywhere as it lead to the contraction of G.D.P of the country. The agriculture sector being the most affected as it is monsoon dependent. In the future years the climate change phenomenon is going to make the matters worse as more prolonged monsoon and extreme drought period will be witnessed. The extremities of climate is going to affect the water demand and the supply of the nation and the world as a whole.
The present condition of water availability is inadequate to meet the growing demand of water. Hence there is a need to make the optimum use of the present water resources and to enlarge the water storage capacities based on the change in the climatic seasons.
Since 70% of India’s population lives in the villages and hence the most affected. Therefore there is a need to put in the systems of water storage in the planning of the model villages. The planning and design of the government owned and even private buildings has been done so that it should be capable of storing water in the monsoon season and ability to use it all through the year.
Vishwakarma Yojana is one of the approach for rural infrastructure development based on the concept of providing basic sustainable urban infrastructure to the rural population. It plans to cover 70 villages of the Gujarat state. The working of the Yojana is based on the participatory approach towards the creation of community based assets of the village stakeholders with the involvement of the students of the designated colleges, thereby promoting and providing environmental sustainability in coherence with the Millennium Development Goals.
The methodology adopted in the identification of water-efficient buildings is the GAP analysis whereby the required infrastructure is seen as against the deficit one and then the requirement is estimated. The other approach is SWOT analysis wherein the villages were analysed from its strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities and then prioritizing its immediate needs.
The efforts towards the environmental sustainability have not been enough in its effectiveness, hereby emphasizing the need for its rebirth and paying greater attention towards it. In the current scenario when the confirmation of human activity as the cause of global warming has been done. The policy makers need to look at the conservation of water resources and its sustainability aspect too in view of the “take care” aspect of the future generations.
Keywords: Climate Change; Millennium Development Goals; Rural Development; Vishwakarma Yojana; Water
Equality and Social Justice: Is Affirmative Action in India Justified?
Neer Varshney a
a Symbiosis Law School Noida, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 82-91, 2013.
Abstract: In ancient India, the people were divided into four classes namely; Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. The Shudras were considered as untouchables, and were excluded all together from the society. After thousands of years, with the help of many social movements, a revolution was brought up. Mahatma Gandhi, B.R Ambedkar, J.L Nehru, and many other freedom fighters confronted the caste system and when our constitution was being framed, a special provision was made under Article 46, Article 15(4), Article 16(4) and few others for the uplifting of these backward classes.
The government under prime minister V P Singh, on the basis of the findings of second backward class commission reserved 27% seats for socially & backward classes on 13th August 1990. The decision caused a civil disturbance throughout India, and there was a huge loss of persons and property. Public Interest litigation was filed in the supreme court of India and decided in Indira Sawhney v/s Union of India AIR 1993 SC 477 in favor of the union of India, although certain regulations were imposed upon the reservations.
This reservation of seats in educational institutes and government jobs has faced the most opposition in the recent times. The protagonists of the reservation system say that affirmative action compromises for the discrimination of past policies, which have left a legacy of unequal caste representation in the society. Those who opposes the reservations says that it is against their right to equality, and even though there was injustice against the lower caste people in the past, but that does not mean that reverse discrimination is the way to heal it.
The main objective of this research is to discover if the present system of reservations in India is justified. Since, the issue of affirmative action, is directly related to the question as to “What is Equality?” it was considered necessary to answer that question first. The research takes into account mainly three concepts, namely, ‘Libertarianism’ by Robert Nozick, ‘Nicomachean ethics’ by Aristotle, and ‘A Theory of Justice’ by John Rawls along with others, to figure out ‘what is equality?’. However, this part of the research has a limitation, since it is an ethical approach, which is relative, and not everyone may agree with the conclusion, however a proper reasoning is provided as a justification for the conclusion reached.
The research paper considers various statistics provided by Census of India, National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), and other data provided by the union and state ministries, to figure out the present situation of backward classes, and the implementation of reservation policies. The research paper, apart from the theories and statistics, also records and considers the statements of few people who are directly or indirectly affected by the reservation policies (backward people, students and their parents, etc.) in order to really know, how the reservation policies effects the citizen of the country, and how far have they actually succeeded.
In the end, it was established that affirmative action promotes equality in opportunity, but the implementation in India has failed to show any desirable result, it has rather become a tool for political parties to fill their vote banks, the backward class people still suffers, and untouchability still persists.
Although the research is focused on the sociological analysis of affirmative action implemented in India, it has a much generalized approach in reasoning, and even a part of the conclusion states the repercussions of affirmative action in general, apart from being specifically for India.
The research paper suggest some political and social reforms to be implemented in future, so that affirmative action can bring positive result, and helps in establishing an egalitarian society. Even though the title suggests so, the research paper is not aimed at justifying affirmative action, but only makes a persuasive argument for accepting and implementing affirmative action for the overall benefit of the society.
Keywords: Affirmative Action; Equality; Caste System; Positive Discrimination; Reservations in India.
Services Sector Led Sustainable Growth: Some Insights From 66th Round Of NSSO
Amrita Sher Gill , Dhruv Sharma
Department of Economics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 92-103, 2013.
Abstract: Most of the developed countries show a consistent pattern of growth with workforce and resources shifting from agricultural sector to industrial sector and finally to services sector at higher levels of development. The services sector is the largest contributor to employment and national product in all the developed countries. In many developing countries also services sector has emerged as the largest sector in terms of its share in domestic product at low levels of industrial development and per capita income. Thus it is now considered the key to economic growth and sustainable development for the emerging Asian economies. In India too, post liberalization, the services sector has grown at fast pace and has emerged as the biggest sector of the economy in terms of its contribution to the gross domestic product. However, its share in labor force lags far behind compared to its share in domestic product. Currently, more than 50 percent of the workforce is engaged in primary activities. This glaring dispropotionality in the share of services sector in domestic product and labor force is very intriguing and raises questions about the sustainability of such a growth pattern. Sustainable economic growth in the long run needs to be accompanied by displacement of workforce from primary activities to manufacturing activities and finally maximum labor force being employed in services sector. But with the slow growth of industrial sector and its low labor absorption capacity, enhancing the employment potential in services sector seems to be the best possible solution and therefore should be the main focus of the policy makers. The objective of this paper is to explore the current state of employment in services sector and its various subsectors using the latest NSSO (66th round) data. This study also attempts to examine the heterogeneity in labor share of services sector across major Indian States. The analysis of data reveals that there are considerable variations, interstate as well as intra-sector, in the share of services sector in labor force. In all the Indian states except Kerala, primary sector still continues to be the largest sector in terms of employment share. However, services sector is the second largest employer of labor force in most of the other states. Further, it is also observed that the wholesale and retail trade subsector of services sector employed maximum labor force, followed by transport and storage subsector. On the other hand financial services, health services and social services sub sectors have the least labor share across states.
Keywords: Employment, India, Interstate variations, NSSO, Services sector
Study on the Development of Ozonated Water for a Healthy Sanitation
Mamta Sharmaa , Charu Khosla b, S.C. Sharma b , Gautam Malik c
a Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, India.
UGI-Lalru Punjab, India.
b School of Applied sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
c School of Mechanical Engineering ,Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
Volume 06, Issue 11, Pg. 102-105, 2013.
Abstract: Commonly in developing countries public health suffers from a lack of sanitation from dirty drinking water. Keeping in mind the health perspectives , Ozonated water is highly beneficial for either healthy or sickly people. It’s easy to make and should be consumed regularly. Besides providing more oxygen to the brain (greater alertness and mental clarity), Ozonated water will oxidize pathogens and synthetics residues in the body, allowing their complete elimination through excretion, as Ozone is one of the most powerful known oxidizers. As a disinfectant,it is about 3,000 times more effective than chlorine. It will kill any kind of micro-organisms or any other living cell on contact , and it will generally wreak havoc with any kind of organic molecule. So also it is used for fumigation and sterilization in operation theatres in hospitals, disinfecting food products to increase shelf life, ozone therapy and many more important applications. This work discusses the important features of a high-voltage (HV) corona controlled plasma-ozone generator .and the various benefits as ,Lower cost, lower maintenance costs, lower life-time cost of ownership also. Engineering details of this generator are described in present work.
Keywords: healthy sanitation,, Corona controlled ozonator , disinfectant.