{"id":5208,"date":"2026-11-05T04:26:50","date_gmt":"2026-11-05T04:26:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/?page_id=5208"},"modified":"2026-11-05T04:27:31","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T04:27:31","slug":"volume-19-issue-10-pag-213-224-2026","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/?page_id=5208","title":{"rendered":"Volume 19, Issue 10, Pag. 213-224, 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"

OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development<\/strong>
\nOpen-access peer-reviewed journal\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64211\/oidaijsd191014<\/a>
\n\"\"<\/p>\n

An assessment of the policing of intentional microaggressions in the Gauteng Province, South Africa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nomsa Ingrid Zikalala
\n<\/strong>Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuck Ridge, City of Tshwane, Pretoria, South Africa.
\nCorresponding author: zikalni@unisa.ac.za<\/a><\/p>\n

Volume 19, Issue 10, Pg. 213-224, 2026<\/p>\n

Abstract: <\/em><\/strong>South African statutes prohibit and criminalize unfair discrimination; however, intimidation, hate speech, harassment, and defamation of character are prevalent in South Africa. Law enforcement must understand the dynamics of microaggressions, stay vigilant of women\u2019s responses to microaggressions in public, and have knowledge of the applicable legislation, in order to deter microaggressions and other forms of discrimination. One in three types of microaggressions are detectable, which is problematic for policing. Microassaults entail intentional microaggressions such as racial and gender slurs, which threaten women\u2019s dignity and have negative psychological consequences. The study was motivated by the pervasive threats of subtle violence against women in public in South Africa. Twenty police officials from the Vispol sector were recruited from six police stations in the Gauteng province, and a purposive sampling technique was used. Participants provided written consent during face-to-face interviews. The objective was to assess the policing of microaggressions in the province. The research method was qualitative research, with an interpretive phenomenological design. The five dominant themes were body Language, intimidation, gender-based discrimination, policing styles, and criminal laws. Results showed that most participants identified incidences of intentional microaggression through women\u2019s body language, perceived it as intimidation and gender-based discrimination, and used criminal laws to police it. Furthermore, most participants used the service policing style to intervene. Punitive measures were recommended to deter intentional microaggressions. The study recommended educational programmes to promote the use of sign language by women in domestic violence or other dangerous situations. The findings were not generalizable due to the small sample size.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/strong> Communication, crime, discrimination, intimidation, microaggressions, safety.<\/p>\n

Full-text paper download here<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development Open-access peer-reviewed journal\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64211\/oidaijsd191014 An assessment of the policing of intentional microaggressions in the Gauteng Province, South Africa Nomsa Ingrid Zikalala Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuck Ridge, City of Tshwane, Pretoria, South Africa. Corresponding author: zikalni@unisa.ac.za Volume 19, Issue 10, Pg. 213-224, 2026 Abstract: South African statutes prohibit and criminalize unfair discrimination; however, intimidation, hate speech, harassment, and defamation of character are prevalent in South Africa. Law enforcement must understand the dynamics of microaggressions, stay vigilant of women\u2019s responses to microaggressions in public, and have knowledge of the applicable legislation, in order to deter microaggressions and other forms of discrimination. One in three types of microaggressions are detectable, which is problematic for policing. Microassaults entail intentional microaggressions such as racial and gender slurs, which threaten women\u2019s dignity and have negative psychological consequences. The study was motivated by the pervasive threats of subtle violence against women in public in South Africa. Twenty police officials from the Vispol sector were recruited from six police stations in the Gauteng province, and a purposive sampling technique was used. Participants provided written consent during face-to-face interviews. The objective was to assess the policing Read More …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5208"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5208"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5210,"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5208\/revisions\/5210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/oidaijsd.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}