OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
|
Title |
Page No. |
| Hindrances to partnership policing: Case study of Gauteng townships, South Africa | 533-544 |
| An analysis of the South African Drug Crime situation through Criminological Theories | 545-558 |
| Evaluating the Role of the South African Police Service in Enforcing the Cybercrimes Act: Effectiveness and Challenges in Combating Cybercrime | 559-572 |
| Maximizing Research Impact, Minimizing Waste: The Case for Explicit Priority Setting in Advancing Sustainable Development | 573-582 |
| The Sustainable Human and Environmental Systems (SHES) Approach to Sustainability Education and Practice: Foundational Thematic Principles | 583-590 |
| The negative impact of the influx of undocumented immigrants into Johannesburg Central Business District, South Africa | 591-602 |
| The Paradox of Law: Do Tough Enforcement Activities Neglect Residents’ Rights in Long-Term Care Homes? | 603-610 |
| From Waste to Wealth: Mobilising African Diaspora : Cross-Cultural Expertise to Build Bridges of Trust for Sustainable Enterprise Investment in Africa | 611-618 |
| What If Pigs Could Fly? Separating Myth from Possibilities through Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies and Applications in Law Enforcement | 619-630 |
| The influence of Christianity and British Western culture on the development of children in Zulu traditional societies, with particular emphasis on the Showe area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | 631-650 |
| The effectiveness of the 16 Days of Activism of No Violence Against Women and Children programme in the prevention of gender-based violence in South Africa | 651-658 |
| Student Academic Freedom in Southern African Universities: Students Regional Perspectives on Academic Freedom | 659-668 |
| Rethinking the curriculum and diversity in Higher Education | 669-676 |
| Ubuntu pedagogy: Lessons from Paulo Freire | 677-682 |
| The Quest for Social Justice in Higher Education Praxis | 683-690 |
| Application of Social Justice Principles and Artificial Intelligence in Southern African Higher Education | 691-704 |
| The Importance of African Languages and Indigenous Knowledge in Higher Education Curricula: Towards Cultural Preservation and the Exploration of New Phenomena for Social Wellbeing | 705-716 |
| Removing Barriers and Promoting Gender Equity in Leadership Positions in Higher Education Institutions in South Africa | 717-726 |
| Capitalism and the Pursuit of the Emancipation of Women | 727-736 |
| Promoting Social justice through adherence to the formal style of writing in Teaching and Learning | 737-748 |
| Justice, Genre, and Historical Memory in Sol Plaatje’s Mhudi | 749-758 |
| Modeling Strategic Management for Communal Property Associations (CPAs) revitalization in Land Reform Program: A case of North-West Province in the Republic of South Africa | 759-778 |
| Assessment of the Future Environmental Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Development in Kochi City, Kerala State, India | 779-794 |
| Factors affecting effective implementation of performance management system in South African Municipalities |
795-806 |
| Sustainable Future with the Development of a Secure Mini-bus Taxi Pick-up System for Children going to and coming from Schools | 807-824 |
| Feminist reflections on the exclusion of women from the acquisition of land and from participating actively as members in traditional courts | 825-832 |
| Exploring the role and effectiveness of the Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre within the South African Police Service | 833-850 |
| Evidence in Zina Cases as a Form of Discrimination against Women in Pakistan | 851-856 |
| Industrialisation Through the Digitalisation of Fingerprint-taking in the Criminal Justice System | 857-864 |
| Ukuthwala custom: exploring African epistemologies to solve some societal problems | 865-870 |
| Underutilisation of Fingerprints to Identify Suspects in Business Robbery | 871-878 |
| Punishment for committing the hudud crime of fornication and adultery (zina) as a form of assault | 879-884 |
| Exploring Road Safety Challenges Faced by Learners at Makapanstad Primary Schools | 885-894 |
| Regulation of Fornication and Adultery (zina): What Malaysia can Learn from International Law to Enhance the Achievement of Millennium Development Goals | 895-898 |
| Analysing the Role of Data Integrity in Crime Analysis and Prevention within the South African Police Service | 899-914 |
| Exploring the Impact of Traffic Policing for Sustainable Development: South African Context | 915-922 |
| An Evaluation of The Use of Electronic Evidence in the Investigation of Procurement Corruption: A Case Study of Ethekwini Regional Office | 923-934 |
| Enhancing Crime Prevention by Converting Data into Intelligence within the South African Police Service | 935-952 |
| Cultivating Climate-Ready Minds: Agro-Trainees Awareness and Perception toward Climate Change in South-West Nigeria | 953-968 |
| Exploring Crime Analysis and Operational Efficiency in the South African Police Service with a Focus on Challenges and Opportunities | 969-988 |
Hindrances to partnership policing: Case study of Gauteng townships, South Africa
Dumisani Quiet Mabunda
1 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Preller Street, Pretoria, University of South Africa.
1 Corresponding Author: mabundq@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 533-544, 2025.
Abstract: Quarterly Crime statistics show rising crime levels, particularly in previously disadvantaged environments such as townships in South Africa. Serious crime has reached unacceptable levels in that community members feel vulnerable in the streets and in their own homes. This paper studied the effects of factors that inhibit partnership policing in the townships North of Pretoria and Gauteng in South Africa. During the summer of 2018, 45 community members and South African Police Services members actively involved in the Community Police Forum in Soshanguve, Pretoria, in Gauteng, South Africa, were randomly selected and participated in focused interviews for a month. The aim was to establish factors that inhibit partnership policing in the area. In-depth interviews with stakeholders, particularly Community Policing Forums (CPFs) and law enforcement officers involved in such forums. A qualitative method was adopted in the research. Factors such as lack of trust, lack of resources, insufficient/inadequate resources, lack of training, and corruption were identified as the most pressing ones that hinder effective partnership policing in the area. During the follow-up interviews, it was established that the crime situation continues to worsen as issues established during interviews three years back have not been adequately addressed. Moreover, research found that failing to implement available crime prevention strategies, change, and/or poor leadership at the local level results in rising crime levels, as monthly crime statistics indicate. These findings suggest that leadership, political will, implementation of crime prevention strategies, trust, cooperation, resources, training, and communication, amongst others, will enhance or promote effective partnership policing in the townships in South Africa.
Keywords: Accountability; community policing; crime prevention; community police forum; partnership policing; South
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An analysis of the South African Drug Crime situation through Criminological Theories
Petrus Machethe
College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa,
Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, 002, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: emachep@unisa.ac.za, petrusvip503@gmail.com
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 545-558, 2025.
Abstract: The goal of criminological theory is to help one gain an understating of crime and criminal justice. Theories cover the making and the breaking of the law, criminal and deviant behaviour, as well as forms of criminal activity. South Africa has been ranked among the top ten countries with the highest crime in the world. This paper will focus on drug crime. Classical school, Rational choice, Routine activities, Sutherland’s differential association, Merton’s anomie, Securitisation, Democratic, Strain, Situational control and Integrated theories are discussed in this paper to explain the drug crime situation in South Africa. In pursuit of the objectives of the study, the research paradigm was rooted in positivism. Consequently, a quantitative approach was adopted and a cross-sectional design was employed. Through convenience sampling, 130 respondents who were recruited at public transport stations in the Gauteng Province. The findings demonstrate that among others, respondents were of the view that some of the public servants and law enforcement officials are enables of the high drug crime rate in South Africa. Furthermore, the respondents consider the South African Police officials collude with drug dealers for monetary gain, instead of performing crime prevention and order maintenance functions. The findings of this study corroborated with the existing theories that better explain the roots of the high drug crime in South Africa and identified possible recommendations to address the problem.
Keywords: criminological theories, crime, drugs, law enforcement, South Africa
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Evaluating the Role of the South African Police Service in Enforcing the Cybercrimes Act: Effectiveness and Challenges in Combating Cybercrime
Mmabatho Portia Aphane
Department: Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law,
University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
Corresponding author: aphanmp@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 549-572, 2025
Abstract: This study evaluates the role of the South African Police Service (SAPS) in enforcing the Cybercrimes Act No. 19 of 2020, focusing on its effectiveness and the challenges faced in combating cybercrime. This research utilises the desktop study approach and synthesises existing literature, reports, and data to provide a comprehensive analysis of SAPS efforts in this domain. The Cybercrimes Act No. 19 of 2020 was enacted in 2020 for the particular purpose of addressing the growing threat of cybercrime in South Africa by providing a legal framework for the identification, investigation, and prosecution of cyber offences. Despite the legislative advancements, SAPS faces significant challenges in implementing the Act effectively. These challenges include a lack of specialised skills and resources, insufficient training programmes, and the rapid evolution of cyber threats that outpace legislative and enforcement capabilities. One of the primary challenges identified is the shortage of specialised skills within SAPS. Cybercrime investigations require a unique set of technical skills and knowledge, which many officers currently lack. This skills gap is exacerbated by the rapid pace of technological advancements, making it difficult for law enforcement to stay ahead of cybercriminals. Additionally, the limited availability of resources, such as advanced forensic tools and software, hampers the ability of SAPS to conduct thorough and timely investigations. Training programmes for SAPS officers are another critical area of concern. While there have been efforts to provide cybercrime training, these programmes are often insufficient in scope and depth. Many officers receive only basic training, which does not sufficiently equip them with the necessary skills to handle complex cybercrime cases. As such, there is a compelling demand for more comprehensive and continuous training programmes that cover the latest developments in cybercrime and cybersecurity. The study highlights the effectiveness of the SAPS’s current strategies, such as the establishment of specialised cybercrime units and the development of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for cybercrime investigations. These units are tasked with handling cybercrime cases and have shown some success in identifying and prosecuting offenders. The SOPs provide a structured approach to investigations, ensuring that cases are handled systematically and efficiently. However, the effectiveness of these strategies is limited by several factors, such as the lack of inter-agency collaboration. The research underscores the importance of continuous adaptation and innovation in law enforcement practices in order to keep pace with the dynamic nature of cybercrime. Cybercriminals are constantly developing new methods and techniques, requiring law enforcement to be agile and proactive in their response. This includes investing in new technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, which could enhance the ability to detect and prevent cybercrime. International cooperation is another critical aspect of effective cybercrime enforcement. Cybercrime is a global issue, and many cybercriminals operate across borders. The SAPS should engage in international collaborations and participate in global initiatives to combat cybercrime. This includes sharing information and best practices with other countries, as well as participating in joint operations for the apprehension of cybercriminals. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the current state of the SAPS’s enforcement of the Cybercrimes Act No. 19 of 2020, offering recommendations for addressing the identified challenges and improving the overall efficacy of cybercrime prevention and enforcement in South Africa. The SAPS has made notable strides in combating cybercrime. However, there is compelling need for ongoing investment in training, technology, and international cooperation by the SAPS in order to enhance its organisational effectiveness. The SAPS can improve its ability to protect South Africa from the growing threat of cybercrime by addressing these challenges and leveraging the strengths of both the public and private sectors.
Keywords: Act, Challenges, Combating, Cybercrimes, Effectiveness, Enforcing, Evaluation, Role
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Maximizing Research Impact, Minimizing Waste: The Case for Explicit Priority Setting in Advancing Sustainable Development
Komla Tsey
Professorial Research Fellow, Jawun Research Institute, Central Queensland University, and Adjunct Professor, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, Australia.
Corresponding author: k.tsey@cqu.edu.au, komla.tsey@jcu.edu.au
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 573-582, 2025.
Abstract: This paper does not argue against the value of serendipitous discovery or blue-sky research—indeed, many life-changing technological advances have emerged from curiosity-driven exploration and such approaches will always have a critical place in research. However, in today’s context of escalating social, economic, and ecological crises, this must be balanced with research that is deliberately designed to inform real-world decisions and contribute to sustainable development broadly defined as the capacity to pursue economic growth and social progress in ways that safeguard ecological systems and ensure intergenerational equity.Despite growing expectations for research to demonstrate real-world impact, explicit impact reporting remains rare in peer-reviewed literature. Well-documented barriers—including the time lag between research and impacts, attribution challenges, and limited capacity to monitor long-term effects—contribute to this gap. Yet an equally critical, and less acknowledged, obstacle is the persistent lack of transparent research priority setting. Most studies do not begin by identifying the concrete decision choices faced by policymakers, service providers, or communities for which research is needed, nor do they assess whether existing evidence is sufficient to guide those decisions or whether new research is necessary and strategically justified. As a result, research often proceeds without a clear understanding of its intended use—diminishing relevance, undermining potential impact, and missing opportunities to support sustainability goals. This study systematically reviewed 60 publications from the OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development to assess the extent to which they incorporated explicit research priority setting or reported research impact. Using Boolean search methods, articles were analysed by year, country of origin, theme, outcome types, and attention to impact and priority-setting practices. While countries such as South Africa and Indonesia were well represented, West Africa—despite being a stated priority for OIDA—was entirely absent, highlighting potential disparities in research capacity, access, or institutional support.More strikingly, none of the reviewed studies clearly articulated the decision dilemmas they aimed to inform, nor did they distinguish between generating knowledge for its own sake and producing evidence to guide action. This disconnect reinforces a troubling pattern in which valuable research investments risk being wasted—through duplication, irrelevance, or failure to influence policy and practice in ways that advance sustainability. To address this, research design must be flipped: rather than starting with filling evidence or knowledge gaps, it must begin with the real-world decision choices or dilemmas that users face in striving for sustainable economic, social, and ecological outcomes. OIDA is uniquely positioned to lead this shift by embedding structured priority-setting into its journal publication and conference presentation criteria. Frameworks such as the Lowitja Institute’s Research for Impact Tool offer practical models for aligning research with user decision choices and implementation contexts. Transforming research from a knowledge-generating exercise into a decision-informing strategy will require systemic change—but it is both possible and urgent. Through strategic leadership, OIDA and other journal editors and conference organisers can help reduce research waste, enhance the return on investment, and reshape the international research landscape toward greater equity, sustainability, and real-world impact.
Keywords: Evidence-informed decision-making; Impact-oriented research; Priority-setting frameworks; Research relevance; Transparency in research design; Sustainable development; Intergenerational equity
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The Sustainable Human and Environmental Systems (SHES) Approach to Sustainability Education and Practice: Foundational Thematic Principles
Michael A. Reiter 1,*, Paul A. Barresi 2, Richard C. Smardon 3
1 Department of Integrated Environmental Science, College of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics, Bethune-Cookman University, Daytona Beach, FL, U.S.A.
2 Department of Social Sciences, School of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, U.S.A.
3 Department of Environmental Studies, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, U.S.A.
* Corresponding author: reiterm@cookman.edu
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 583-590, 2025.
Abstract: The discourse that has emerged in recent decades about how to improve sustainability education in colleges and universities worldwide is among the most consequential of our time. This article and the four articles that follow it in this issue of the OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development seek to contribute to this discourse by offering a supradisciplinary alternative to current approaches to sustainability education—the Sustainable Human and Environmental Systems (SHES) approach to sustainability education and practice. The SHES approach, which is the work of the SHES Roundtable, is both a conception of sustainability education and a step-by-step cognitive strategy for use by both students in the classroom and practitioners in the field to diagnose and to prescribe sustainable responses to situations that are inconsistent with a sustainable society. Since 2009, the SHES Roundtable has been a forum for academics and practitioners from throughout North America and beyond to pursue their commitment to providing college and university students with the knowledge and skills needed to meet the existential sustainability challenges that plague the modern world. Its work has been shaped by a solid grounding in first principles, a commitment to seeking consensus from all participants at all steps of the process, and the use of lessons learned from iterative experimentation in the classroom to inform the approach’s fine structure as it has evolved over time. The result is a living set of recommendations concerning the pedagogy and administration of interdisciplinary and higher-order sustainability-focused degree programs in higher education. The SHES approach to sustainability education and practice includes a vision, a mission, and a strategic goal. The essence of the SHES vision is a world of “sustainable societies.” The essence of the SHES mission is to sustain the viability of the human and environmental systems and interactions among the systems on which the realization of the vision depends. The essence of the SHES strategic goal is to bring about and to sustain the types of social learning needed to fulfill the mission. These aspirational goals present a formidable challenge to institutions of higher education. Although the SHES approach to sustainability education and practice has many attributes essential to meeting this challenge, it rests on seven foundational thematic principles: holism, supradisciplinarity, systems thinking, revealed complexity, social learning, stakeholder engagement, and universal applicability.
Keywords: Holism, revealed complexity, social learning, sustainability education, systems thinking.
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The negative impact of the influx of undocumented immigrants into Johannesburg Central Business District, South Africa
Mapooa Charlie Vilakazi 1, Petrus Machethe 2
1 South African Police Service, UNISA Alumni. 1234 Colbyn, Corner Stanza Bobape and Jan Shoba Street, Hatfield, 0084, South Africa.
2 College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, 002, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: emachep@unisa.ac.za, petrusvip503@gmail.com
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 591-602, 2025.
Abstract: This paper outlines the challenges caused by undocumented immigrants entering South Africa in large numbers from different parts of the world. Police officials working in the Johannesburg central business district (CBD) have expressed their concerns about the challenges posed by foreign nationals in the city. Data were collected using phenomenological face-to-face interviews with eleven on-duty police officials working at a community service centre and crime prevention unit. The participants included detectives with the relevant knowledge, experience and background. These high-level interviews provided in-depth explanations regarding the impact that influx of immigrants has a substantial positive impact on the South African economy, but is straining an already stretched police force. There is public debate about the xenophobic attacks on foreign nationals, the hateful attitudes that occasionally emerge in the media and in South African communities, and their consequent negative impact on the South African economy. A lack of political will affects service delivery, police-community relations and SAPS staff turnover. The results of this paper show that the South African Police Service (SAPS) needs strategies to curb this phenomenon. Based on these findings, this paper offers recommendations to manage the influx of undocumented foreign nationals into the country by suggesting effective interventions that enhance the existing knowledge on immigration in South Africa.
Keywords: Influx, South African Police Service, Undocumented immigrants
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The Paradox of Law: Do Tough Enforcement Activities Neglect Residents’ Rights in Long-Term Care Homes?
Denis Bedard 1, Azar Varahra 2*
1,2 Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
* Corresponding author: avarahra@uwo.ca
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 603-610, 2025.
Abstract: This policy analysis addresses a critical contradiction in Ontario’s long-term care reform. Despite legislative promises to enhance residents’ quality of life through the Fixing Long-Term Care Act, 2021 (FLTCA), enforcement-driven regulatory mechanisms continue to perpetuate institutional models of care that undermine residents’ fundamental rights to autonomy, dignity, and choice. The theoretical concern centers on the disconnect between person-centered care principles embedded in legislation and the practical implementation of punitive oversight systems that prioritize operational compliance over individualized, relational care.This concern is situated within the broader literature on healthcare policy implementation, person-centered care theory, and long-term care reform. Following decades of documented failures in institutional care models, scholars have increasingly advocated for culture change approaches that prioritize residents’ autonomy and homelike environments. However, policy implementation research reveals persistent gaps between legislative intent and practice, particularly in complex healthcare systems. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these concerns, with over 81% of Canada’s COVID-related deaths occurring in long-term care homes, exposing fundamental systemic deficiencies that transcend regulatory oversight. Recent policy analysis literature emphasizes the need for transformative rather than incremental approaches to long-term care reform. This study employs a critical interpretive policy analysis approach, grounded in person-centered care principles, to examine the FLTCA 2021 and its subsequent amendment, Bill 7. Document analysis was conducted on primary legislative texts, policy documents, and related regulatory materials. The analytical framework examined contradictions between stated policy objectives and implementation mechanisms, with particular attention to how enforcement strategies align with or undermine residents’ rights. The analysis considered both the explicit content of legislation, and the implicit assumptions embedded within regulatory approaches, using person-centered care theory as the evaluative lens. The analysis reveals three primary arguments supported by legislative evidence and policy outcomes. First, while the FLTCA positions long-term care homes as residents’ personal homes emphasizing dignity and autonomy, the Act’s enforcement mechanisms remain rooted in institutional oversight models that prioritize compliance over personalized care. Second, Bill 7’s provision for non-consensual transfers directly contradicts the Residents’ Bill of Rights, particularly Section 3 guaranteeing full participation in care decisions. This amendment facilitates forced admissions without informed consent, undermining core principles of autonomy and choice. Third, current policy frameworks create systemic barriers to innovative care models, particularly small home models that empirically demonstrate superior outcomes in resident satisfaction, autonomy, and quality of life. The evidence shows that despite legislative rhetoric promoting person-centered approaches, Ontario’s regulatory system continues to reinforce outdated institutional paradigms that have repeatedly failed to protect residents’ fundamental rights. The analysis concludes that genuine long-term care reform requires a fundamental paradigm shift from punitive oversight toward transformative, relationship-based care models. Small home models emerge as a viable alternative that operationalizes the FLTCA’s stated principles while addressing residents expressed preferences for homelike environments. For international audiences, this case study demonstrates how well-intentioned healthcare legislation can inadvertently perpetuate systemic dysfunction when implementation mechanisms conflict with stated objectives. The findings have global relevance as aging populations worldwide grapple with similar tensions between institutional efficiency and person-centered care. The Ontario experience offers critical lessons for policymakers seeking to balance regulatory oversight with genuine care transformation, highlighting the necessity of aligning enforcement mechanisms with person-centered principles to achieve meaningful reform in long-term care systems internationally.
Keywords: Innovation; long-term care; person-centered care; policy reform, residents’ rights
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From Waste to Wealth: Mobilising African Diaspora: Cross-Cultural Expertise to Build Bridges of Trust for Sustainable Enterprise Investment in Africa
Komla Tsey 1*, Li Yan 2
1 Jawun Research Institute, Central Queensland University, Australia.
James Cook University, Cains Campus, Australia.
2 School of Economics and Management, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China.
* Corresponding author: k.tsey@cqu.edu.au and komla.tsey@jcu.edu.au
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 611-618, 2025.
Abstract: Africa stands at a critical crossroads, simultaneously defined as a continent of crisis and of promise. Despite contributing the least to global carbon emissions, it is among the most vulnerable to climate shocks, facing droughts, floods, and ecological stress that deepen human insecurity. Traditional aid and foreign investment have often failed to provide sustainable solutions, being either short-term and donor-driven or extractive and environmentally destructive. In this context, the African diaspora—estimated at more than 170 million globally—represents an underutilised but potentially transformative force for building resilient and sustainable development pathways. This paper examines the role of diaspora entrepreneurs as catalysts of sustainable enterprise in Africa, with a particular focus on the imperative to “turn waste into wealth.” Using a reflective synthesis methodology, the authors combine a systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed case studies with narrative reflections from over a decade of cross-cultural research collaboration and recent enterprise development between Africa, China, and Australia. Findings highlight four insights. First, diaspora capital is not only financial but relational, rooted in identity and trust, enabling diaspora actors to bridge cultural and institutional divides. Second, sustainability, largely absent from academic literature, emerges strongly in practice, with diaspora-led ventures experimenting with circular economy models such as recycling plastics into building materials and repurposing agricultural waste into industrial inputs. Third, remittances, while vital, are insufficient to catalyse transformation without institutional frameworks that channel them into enterprise and industry. Fourth, diaspora facilitated investment is best understood as a long-term journey requiring patience, incremental wins, and resilience rather than quick returns. These insights carry significant policy implications. We argue that African governments must move beyond symbolic diaspora engagement to establish empowered institutional platforms. Specifically, the creation of Ministries of Diaspora Affairs, led by empowered ministers, could remove bureaucratic barriers and accelerate diaspora-facilitated foreign investment. In an era marked by inward-looking trade protectionism, rising military expenditure, and sharp reductions in international aid, ignoring the diaspora would be perilous, while harnessing their potential could unlock Africa’s developmental capacity and position the continent at the forefront of sustainable enterprise innovation.
Keywords: Waste, Sustainable enterprise, African diaspora, Cross-cultural
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What If Pigs Could Fly? Separating Myth from Possibilities through Fourth Industrial Revolution Technologies and Applications in Law Enforcement
Matlala Mpho Mark
School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: matlamm@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 619-630, 2025.
Abstract: This conceptual and imaginative paper explores the “what if” question, in relation to migrating from myths to possibilities, in the context of how fourth industrial revolution technologies and applications can enhance law enforcement efforts in combating crime. The paper argues that industry captains and political principals are not reimagining and re-engineering digitalisation fast enough to give law enforcement a competitive edge over the criminal underworld, which is perpetually looking for ways to outsmart the police by also using advanced technologies. To counter the problem, police managers and political principals have to overcome the “not possible syndrome” and be more open to what fourth industrial revolution innovations could bring in terms of operational efficiencies, that is if they dare to imagine, do pilot testing, and implement what is traditionally perceived to be impossible. This paper extrapolates the “what if” question by daring into uncharted terrains that may not have been explored using fourth industrial revolution technologies and applications to combat crime and promote sustainability. The paper thus gives recommendations on what can be done to migrate from the myth “it is impossible”, to reimagining the possibilities that fourth industrial revolution technologies and applications could unlock. The research uses an imaginative methodology, making it qualitative desktop that draws from literature. In essence, the research combines parts of critical design with new materialist epistemologies and practice-based research to ignite imagination, challenge traditional assumptions, and to inspire alternative narratives on technologies, this to harness out of the box thinking around the fourth industrial revolution.
Keywords: Industry 4.0; Artificial Intelligence; Crime Prevention; Law Enforcement; Technology.
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The influence of Christianity and British Western culture on the development of children in Zulu traditional societies, with particular emphasis on the Showe area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Lindelani Mpungose 1, Sithembiso Mthembu 2, Sduduzo Nkosi 3
1, 2 Department of African Languages and Culture, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, KwaDlangezwa Campus, University of Zululand, South Africa.
3 Department of African Languages, School of Education, STADIO, 5 Panfluit St, Eco-Park Estate, Centurion, 0144; South Africa.
2 Correspondence email: MthembuST@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 631-650, 2025.
Abstract: The Zulu national customs have constantly changed over time. Today’s youth lack respect, fail to resist marriage, males do not appreciate the value of women, and do not respect the significance of women; some of them become drug addicts and die young. The study assumes that the abandonment of culturally relevant means of bringing up children affects and perpetuates the reality that most young people today have no prospect of a bright future. The paper aims to evaluate the influence of Christianity and British Western culture on child-rearing, as most adults still appear to ignore the Zulu rituals that should be performed according to the child’s stage of development. According to the study, Christianity has the potential to have a profound impact on human lifestyles and cultural and social challenges. Researchers argue that Christianity is in harmony with British teaching, but no religion or culture is the same. However, this paper aims to examine how Christianity and British Western culture influence the parenting of children from infancy to adulthood. The study chose to interview traditional leaders and Christians about the principles taught in the Holy Bible and the morals of British culture that they consider theirs. The results of the study reveal that Christian teaching is beneficial in child rearing. Lessons taught in the Holy bible are consistent with the teachings of the Zulu tradition of child-rearing. British Western culture, however, is different from Zulu when it comes to parenting children. The study concludes by emphasising the necessity to introduce young people to Zulu social customs and humanist values.
Keywords: British culture, child raising, Christian lessons, and Zulu traditional norms
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The effectiveness of the 16 Days of Activism of No Violence Against Women and Children programme in the prevention of gender-based violence in South Africa
M J Moganedi 1, J V Rautenbach 2
1 Department of Social Work, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Limpopo, South Africa.
2 Department of Social Work, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
1 Corresponding author:Matshemo.moganedi@ul.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 651-658, 2025.
Abstract: The 16 Days of Activism of No Violence Against Women and Children (herein referred to as the 16 Days of Activism) is an international prevention programme for No Violence Against Women and Children, initiated in 1991 and implemented in South Africa in 1998.The annual programme runs from 25 November (International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women) to 10 December (International Human Rights Day), encompassing key observances like World AIDS Day and International Day for People with Disabilities. Gender-based violence is perpetuated by a patriarchal system where men abuse power and positions of authority to control women and children. Despite the ongoing implementation of the 16 Days of Activism programme in South Africa, the results are minimal and therefore ineffective. The question thus becomes, has this programme been evaluated since its inception? The high numbers of gender-based violence cases, especially during COVID-19, from the Gender-Based Violence Command Centre (GBVCC) as well as South African Police Services (SAPS) regarding 30 national hotspots areas released in 2020, confirm the ineffectiveness of the programme. It is against this background that the programme’s effectiveness in the prevention of gender-based violence needs to be evaluated.
Keywords: 16 Days of Activism, effectiveness, gender-based violence
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Student Academic Freedom in Southern African Universities: Students Regional Perspectives on Academic Freedom
Mlamuli Fortune Makhoba 1, Tiwonge Kumwenda 2
1 Department of Sociology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
2 Department of Communication and Design, Zomba, University of Malawi, Malawi.
1 Corresponding author: Makhobam@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 659-668, 2025.
Abstract: Students’ academic freedom is a human right, which is mostly violated by universities and academics, as they only recognise the right to teach, learn, and conduct research. Students’ academic freedom entails the process of learning by offering the students an opportunity to engage in critical thinking and independent thought without intimidation, influencing the curriculum and shaping their own learning experience, and affording them the opportunity to lead themselves into their own learning experience. Students are legitimate rights holders of academic freedom, and it is the duty of the state, university, and academics to serve the academic and non-academic needs of students. The Dar es Salaam Declaration and general theory unambiguously state that students are legitimate rights holders of academic freedom. It is unfortunate that students’ academic freedom is being infringed upon by universities and academics through oppressive Eurocentric content, lecturers’ absenteeism, academic and financial exclusion policies, inadequate study facilities, office politics, domesticating students’ voices, research restrictions, structured academic programmes, redirecting students into programmes, and sexual harassment. The universities failure to address these fundamental issues demonstrates a lack of commitment to fostering an environment conducive to academic freedom, and such inaction perpetuates a culture of struggle and hardship, undermining the very essence of students’ academic freedom.
Keywords: Academic freedom; Dar es Salaam Declaration; Students’ rights; Universities
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Rethinking the curriculum and diversity in Higher Education
Avashni Reddy Moonasamy
Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: Moonasamya@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 669-576, 2025.
Abstract: The increasing diversity of students entering higher education has amplified the demand for a more inclusive and representative curriculum. Higher education institutions (HEIs) must adapt their curricula to meet the needs of diverse stakeholders while fostering social cohesion as a means to promote inclusivity. This study, conducted as a desktop review, explores the relationship between curriculum transformation and diversity within the higher education sector. The research is framed by Diversity Pedagogy Theory (DPT) and Global Diversity Management (GDM) to analyze the role of multiculturalism in higher education. Findings highlight that diversity and multiculturalism are critical drivers of transformation in HEIs. However, the legacy of apartheid, which used cultural, linguistic, racial, and social differences to justify exclusionary policies, continues to influence perceptions of diversity. Multicultural education emphasizes equal learning opportunities for all students, and institutions that cultivate inclusive environments contribute to both academic success and students’ personal and professional development. The study recommends that HEIs adopt a proactive approach to integrating diversity into educational spaces. Academics must be equipped to create transformative learning experiences that foster critical consciousness and social awareness among students. Despite progress, addressing historical inequalities remains a pressing issue, requiring HEIs to actively engage in systemic transformation. Calls for diversity and inclusion must extend beyond local contexts, embracing a global perspective to ensure meaningful and lasting change in higher education.
Keywords: diversity, higher education, curriculum, multiculturalism, transformation
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Ubuntu pedagogy: Lessons from Paulo Freire
Ayanda Mnqayi 1, Ziphozonke Ntuli 2, Ntobeko Shozi 3
1, 2, 3 Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
3 Corresponding authour: ShoziN@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 677-682, 2025.
Abstract: Education has long been regarded as a fundamental pillar of societal development and human empowerment. Recognizing this, African scholars, and Africans more broadly, have consistently questioned whether the education provided on the continent fulfills this promise. In particular, some scholars have advocated for a teaching approach rooted in the values of Ubuntu, commonly referred to as Ubuntu pedagogy. They argue that this approach can bridge the gap between education and both societal and human empowerment, a gap that must be addressed for education to hold meaningful value in Africa. Over time, the core principles of Ubuntu pedagogy have become clearer. However, one crucial aspect is often overlooked, the influence of Paulo Freire’s educational philosophy in shaping Ubuntu pedagogy into not only a humanizing but also an insurgent teaching practice. This paper seeks to explore that influence, highlighting how Freire’s ideas contribute to the transformative potential of Ubuntu pedagogy.
Keywords: Paulo Freire, Pedagogy, Ubuntu
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The Quest for Social Justice in Higher Education Praxis
Angelo Nicolaides
Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: nicolaidesa@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 683-690, 2025.
Abstract: Education is fundamental in answering to and challenging a myriad of social injustices. It is required to support and generate conditions for equality and participation that will establish a further secure, harmonious, and well-organised society. Social justice is then a crucial concern for a model social structure advocating the promotion of human rights and justice in the offering of inclusive higher education. Nonetheless, there are many difficulties that inhibit the progress of students from less advantaged families in their quest for social mobility through education provision. While there is talk of equal treatment via wider access to education is this in fact the case? Numerous advantages and disadvantages combine and become part and parcel of social institutions as evidenced in numerous higher education institutions operating in rural areas in South Africa. Invariably, those residing in rural communities tend to be black and generally attend poorly resourced institutions facing many challenges emanating from the apartheid past. Many of the students in such higher education institutions (HEIs) have far less access to opportunities for advancement than their counterparts living in middle and upper-middle class neighbourhoods in more affluent suburbs in towns and cities. Apart from adequate finances, students are additionally plagued by the lack food and apposite basic healthcare and may even battle to access transport to and from an HEI. Yet educational institutions are called upon to develop a just society by promoting in students both instinctive and critical reflections of the nature of being and the theory of knowledge. True justice necessitates that adequate resources must be provided for all citizens, and the state must critically take into consideration those who are still relegated to the sidelines in many ways. This article argues that HEIs can promote greater social justice by integrating it fully into the curriculum and that teaching and learning must be infused with a social justice focus. Incapacity undoubtedly inhibits the development of students’ capabilities and social equality is thus wholly relevant to justice in society. There is also a need for culturally responsive teaching and learning if we are to establish a fully inclusive and equitable education system.
Keywords: Higher education; equity; social justice; cultural responsiveness.
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Application of Social Justice Principles and Artificial Intelligence in Southern African Higher Education
Gedala Mulliah Naidoo
Department of Communication Science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science,
University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: kevinaidoo@gmail.com
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 691-704, 2025.
Abstract: Inequalities remain common in multiple sectors, and higher education is one such sector. Inequalities and issues of social justice, fairness, inclusion, diversity, and sustainability are important aspects of higher education that need to be addressed. When these are correctly addressed, a more inclusive learning environment can be created and promote equitable possibilities. The selection processes of higher education institutions must ensure that they also include marginalised students; by ensuring this, the existing gaps can be reduced, and quality education is provided for all. Therefore, the paper underlines the importance of integrating social justice principles into higher education, encompassing teaching and learning policies, digital pedagogy, research methodologies, and student experiences. Artificial Intelligence provides customised learning and, at the same time, reduces gaps and can increase inclusivity. AI also allows for personalised lesson plans, allowing for a customised pace and a design that supports students from disadvantaged backgrounds. AI is an innovative technology that can easily remove barriers, such for example geographical barriers, and make access to quality education accessible, especially for students living in rural areas. Correctly implementing AI and social justice can mitigate challenges and create a more equitable and sustainable education system. A literature review was conducted, and the conceptualisation of the paper was based on Nancy Fraser’s Theory of Social Justice and Connectivism by Siemens and Downes. Ultimately, incorporating these principles emphasises the critical role of establishing equitable systems in ensuring environmental sustainability, economic prosperity, and social well-being for future generations, fostering a sustainable and inclusive society.
Keywords: artificial intelligence (AI), equity and inclusion, higher education, social justice, sustainability
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The Importance of African Languages and Indigenous Knowledge in Higher Education Curricula: Towards Cultural Preservation and the Exploration of New Phenomena for Social Wellbeing
Sithembiso Mthembu 1, Samkelisiwe Diligence Mbokazi 2, Fairhope Ntokozo Gumede 3
1, 2, 3 Department of African Languages and Culture, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886; South Africa.
Correspondence Author: MthembuST@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 705-716, 2025.
Abstract: The inclusion of indigenous knowledge in the curricula of higher education can help students develop the intellectual capacity to understand the relationship between people and their environment. Indigenous knowledge is information produced within indigenous cultures, which includes social interaction, language, cultural beliefs, natural remedies, spirituality, history, and another indigenous knowledge. Integrating indigenous knowledge into teaching and learning can help to promote indigenous knowledge and strengthen transmission from one generation to the next. It will also assist modern scientists in scientific innovation and progress, notably in herbal medicines and other social natural resources. Understanding the components of indigenous knowledge is important as it can lay the foundations for cultural sustainability and has a positive impact on communities. The importance of understanding aspects of indigenous knowledge can be the basis for cultural sustainability and its positive impact on society. Including African languages in curricula would strengthen the language and help preserve the African identity. He draws on Lev Vygotsky’s theory of social analysis, which emphasizes the need to learn supplementary information and to build on one’s own knowledge. The document argues that the integration of indigenous languages and knowledge in higher education would strengthen the human mind, foster the spirit of ubuntu, strengthen social cohesion and the sustainability of knowledge development, and strengthen the use of indigenous languages.
Keywords: Indigenous knowledge sustainability, cultural identity, science and technology development, and supporting indigenous language
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Removing Barriers and Promoting Gender Equity in Leadership Positions in Higher Education Institutions in South Africa
Fairhope Gumede 1*, Vumile Mncibi 2
1 Department of African Languages and Culture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa Campus, South Africa.
2 Department of Political and International Studies, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa Campus, South Africa.
*Corresponding author: GumedeFN@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, 717-726, 2025.
Abstract: Since the end of apartheid, the promotion of gender equity in institutions of higher learning in South Africa have been a critical element in initiatives directed towards the transformation of the countries higher education sector. While the countries higher education sector still embodies some structural, political and cultural elements of gender inequalities, there has been a huge improvement towards gender equity in the learning and staffing areas, with moderate improvement of gender equity in leadership positions. Within many institutions of higher learning, women enrolments surpass male enrolments, however many leadership roles in higher education institutions in the country dominated by men. Therefore, to unpack some of these structural and systemic inequalities and further promote more equity in the higher education sector, this paper will constitute a review paper that uses a qualitative approach. The paper will use the glass ceiling theory to unpack some of the factors that hinder the upwards growth of women in HEI’s into leadership positions. The paper will use thematic analysis to unpack the progress that has been done to promote more equity in the higher education sector. The results show that limitations to the advancement of women in leadership positions in academia is often hindered by a variety of factors ranging from entrenched patriarchal attitudes, lack of mentorship, conflicting family-work life. The study finds that rectifications of the higher education system has been done by Department of Higher Education and Training through policy reformations that promote more gender equality, diversity and policy inclusion. The department of higher education system has also created a policy to address gender-based violence hinderance to women in academic spaces through the Post-School Education and Rating System. The study therefore recommends that more women development programmes alongside continued policy reformations fostering inclusivity and diversity in all academic sectors of higher education can promote more gender equality in all sectors and particularly leadership positions in higher education.
Key Words: Gender Equity, Policy and Institutional Reformations, Leadership, Higher Education, Women, South Africa.
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Capitalism and the Pursuit of the Emancipation of Women
Angelo Nicolaides 1, S. Ndlovu 2, M.M. Nxumalo 3
1, 2 Department of Philosophy & Applied Ethics, University of Zululand, South Africa.
3 Department of Applied Management, Administration and Ethical Leadership
University of Fort Hare, South Africa.
Corresponding authour: nicolaidesa@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 727-736, 2025.
Abstract: Capitalism is highly patriarchal in structure and has established and promoted unequal social relations between men and women such that the latter are oppressed while male supremacy is endorsed socially and economically in the private and public domains of life. In the capitalist system, women for the most part are subordinate to their male counterparts when it comes to employment benefits and opportunities for growth. Women are exploited in the workplace as they are expected to serve their male colleagues in highly patriarchal systems. In the Capitalistic milieu, women’s work is devalued in various ways. For one, their great inputs in domestic work are downplayed as a ‘normal’ role. In most workplaces, women face segregation and their work and knowledge are appropriated to safeguard the comforts and facilitation of domination by males. Women are considered a tool in the workforce to generate greater profits and their vulnerability makes them an easily exploitable labour force. In this context, Feminism is a crucial transformative movement which impacts on the rights of women and it is also an imperative stimulus on critical theory. Its schema to grasp the nature and contrivance of male oppression and the way in which the fairer-sex experiences this oppression in workplaces is important to consider. The suppressed female gender discourse calls for greater consideration of equality between the sexes in especially workplaces. Women need to be enabled and empowered to take their rightful place in the world of work and socially. In this paper the researchers thus seek to provide an overview of feminism and its role in the contemporary world of work. The current gender inequality and absence of women in leadership positions, as well as the many challenges faced by women in the workplace need to be addressed. The research is based on an extensive literature review using a wide range of predominantly secondary sources and it accordingly serves to stimulate gnosis as well as a deeper understanding of feminism and why it is essential for women to fit into the scheme of general representation in a far more equitable manner in workplaces.
Keywords: Feminism, Patriarchy, Capitalism, Equity, Critical Theory
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Promoting Social justice through adherence to the formal style of writing in Teaching and Learning
Siphiwe Ndlovu 1, Angelo Nicolaides 2, Mbalenhle M. Nxumalo 3, Kwanele Magoso 4
1, 2, 4 The Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, Republic of South Africa.
3 University of Fort Hare: 50 Church Street, East London CBD, East London, South Africa.
1 Corresponding authour: Ndlovusi@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 737-748, 2025.
Abstract: The proposed paper sets out to explore some of the ways in which academic institutions may assist students improve their academic abilities. This with a view that these endeavours will contribute to the success rates particularly of students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Literature and data in this area of study tends to suggest that students from disadvantaged backgrounds fare badly in academic literacy compared to their advantaged counterparts. This is evidenced by the lower graduation rates as well as poor academic outcomes of disadvantaged students. Lower literacy, lack of critical thinking and numeracy skills are some of the challenges faced by disadvantaged students. Although the formal curriculum may encompass a broad mix of resources needed by students in order to succeed at university such as mentoring, writing skills, navigating library resources, wellness services etc, the current paper seeks to underscore and argue for the importance of academic writing as being integral in ensuring improvements in academic success rates. By this the researchers have in mind the need for the promotion and adherence to the formal academic style of writing as a means for ensuring improved academic outcomes. Most of the work students perform entails having to express themselves in a formal/academic style of writing; without which their progress can be severely hampered. Accordingly, academic writing involves taking greater care in one’s writing, showing objectivity, making appropriate use of gramma, punctuation and the correct use of language. It is therefore, the opposite of informal writing. And although aware of the need to express themselves in a formal manner, often times, students aren’t aware how they may go about it. In some instances, even experienced students slip into informal writing. The paper, therefore, will reflect and highlight some of the core issues involved in academic writing such as grammar, formal structure, language and objectivity through the lens of formal writing, also pointing out how these may be approached.
Keywords: academic literacy, formal writing, informal writing, success rate, academic outcomes
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Justice, Genre, and Historical Memory in Sol Plaatje’s Mhudi
Frances M. Ringwood
Department of English, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa.
Corresponding author: RingwoodF@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 749-758, 2025.
Abstract: Sol Plaatje’s novel Mhudi (1930) forms an ideal setwork for the English curriculum in tertiary education because of the way it interrogates the legal and social injustices of colonialism while also serving as a rich source of historical information on different South African cultures. Through reading the book students gain familiarity with the genre markers of the historical novel, the prose epic and the chivalric Romance. Once this baseline is established, students elevate their critical abilities by learning how the titular heroine Mhudi and her husband Ra-thaga are a synecdoche for the Barolong people. By learning how to correctly identify synecdoche in a novel, students understand how Mhudi’s central characters represent their people. The injustices the couple experience at the hands of the Matabele during the Mfecane, their alliance with the Boers, and Mzilikazi’s prophesy that the alliance will result in further injustice and misery for the descendants of the Barolong is a criticism of the Union government of Plaatje’s day. Specifically, the unfairness of the 1913 Native Land Act is referenced in the novel’s Dedication in respect to the way forced removals led to the death of Plaatje’s daughter, Olive. Reading Mhudi also provides students with valuable context about the history of racism and colonialism in South Africa, prompting questions about social justice with regards to race and gender. In this article, social justice is understood as redressing that which is lost or taken due to embodied and cultural differences. What’s more, teaching the novel offers scope for exploring how unjust systems come about by determining how Althusser’s theory of Ideological State Apparatuses can be applied in reading Mhudi. Steve Biko’s concept of Black Consciousness is also explained here for the purposes of contextualising Plaatje’s Christianity within a social-justice framework.
Keywords: genre; Mhudi; redistributive justice; Romance; synecdoche
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Modeling Strategic Management for Communal Property Associations (CPAs) revitalization in Land Reform Program: A case of North-West Province in the Republic of South Africa
Manketsi Tlhape 1*, Victor Mmbengwa 2* and Joseph Lekunze 3
1,3 Business School, North-West University, Potchefstroom, Republic of South Africa.
2 Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Mankweng, South Africa.
* Corresponding authors: manketsi.t@gmail.com, victor.mmbengwa@ul.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 759-778, 2025.
Abstract: The redistributive and restitution land reform trajectory in South Africa has provided a platform for land acquisition through communal property associations. The lack of strategic oversight has led to most CPAs collapsing and losing productive assets. This study aimed to develop a model for the strategic management of CPAs in the North-west provinces using a concurrent mixed-method research design. This study was conducted through a survey and focus group session (n =4) in five district municipalities. The former study was conducted with 272 randomly selected CPA respondents. The results revealed that there had a significant and positive influence of SME on GA [β = 0.445; t (3) = 7.529, p < 0.000], SME on SUS [β = -0.021; t (3) = 0.189, p < 0.000], and GA on SUS [β = 0.346; t (3) = 3.127, p < 0.000]. However, the results showed that the SME and FM were not statistically significant. The study concluded that the governance accountability factor drives the sustainability of CPAs. Thus, it is recommended that the government institutionalize the governance framework within CPAs institutions
Ethical Compliance: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Keywords: Land, CPAs, communal, sustainability, governance.
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Assessment of the Future Environmental Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Development in Kochi City, Kerala State, India
Rajeev R. 1, Adinarayanane Ramamurthy 2, Ayon Kumar Tarafdar 3
1 Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Government of India.
2 Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Government of India.
3 Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Government of India.
Corresponding author: rajeevnair@spav.ac.in
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 779-794, 2025.
Abstract: Globally, ecological overshoot is becoming increasingly prevalent, making biocapacity enhancement crucial for resolving these growing environmental demands. Environmental Carrying Capacity (ECC) is a critical factor for urban environmental sustainability, as it determines the maximum number of people, species, and activities that the environment can sustain over a given period of time. Urbanization is accelerating, with the global urban population projected to reach 70% by 2050, which can intensify the pressure on ecological resources. Developing urban areas within the ecological and resource limits can help achieve a sustainable urban transition over the years. The ECC tool, when integrated into spatial planning strategy, can provide a vital framework for sustainable urban development by combining resource availability, waste assimilation, and ecosystem resilience in urban planning. Therefore, considering the future ECC in urban planning is critical for the city’s long-term development. In comparison to developed countries, the use of ECC in spatial planning efforts in developing countries is in the nascent stage, hampered by policy loopholes, data unavailability, and short-term development goals. For developing nations like India which are at the crossroads in terms of accelerating their economies, incorporating ECC into spatial planning is crucial for striking a balance between growth and environmental sustainability for building long-term urban resilience.For this study Kochi, a rapidly developing coastal metropolitan city located in the Vembanad-Kol backwater system of Kerala state, which is representative of the maladies of uncontrolled development with environmental constraints in southern India, have been chosen as study area. Being developed as a smart city in this region, as well as having various development initiatives under the AMRUT mission, both of which are flagship programmes of the Government of India, the economic growth in Kochi has considerably accelerated infrastructure growth and land use changes in the system. However, this urban expansion is resulting in significant environmental cost, worsening pollution levels, groundwater loss, encroachment of wetlands etc., and weakening Kochi’s natural defenses. Thus, there is inevitable requirement for employing an ECC-based approach to spatial planning in this eco-sensitive study region.
This study tried to assess the Environmental Carrying Capacity (ECC) of Kochi using geo-spatial analysis through urban sustainability lens, integrating sensitivity and vulnerability concerns. Given India’s complex urban fabric, a comprehensive list of ECC control parameters have been defined to justify local environmental factors, socio-economic conditions, and data availability in this analysis. The study demonstrated that Kochi’s present urban expansion and resultant pressure will soon overshoot its environmental carrying capacity in near future, if unplanned. Regulatory frameworks exist in the Kochi Master Plan, but ECC is not fully integrated into urban planning as a regulatory tool, with economic priorities often sidelining ecology in the system. The study thus proposes a replicable methodology, for quantifying the future ECC, for other high-growth cities with comparable environmental contexts, offering a strategic avenue towards balancing urban growth with ecological wholeness. Based on the findings, the study facilitates the potential for a dynamic, data-driven ECC approach for spatial planning in Kochi City that can enable decision makers in the regulation of development intensity, enhance local land use practices, and minimize environmental risk, towards navigating for long-term resilient and sustainable urban development.
Keywords: Environmental Carrying Capacity, Geographically Weighted Regression, Ecological Sensitivity, Hazard Vulnerability, Development Intensity, Kochi, Sustainable Urban Development.
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Factors affecting effective implementation of performance management system
in South African Municipalities
Ryder Machete 1, Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad 2
1 School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy; College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
2 School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
2 Corresponding authour: svyas-doorgapersad@uj.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 795-806, 2025.
Abstract: The institutional framework for implementing performance management system in the Gauteng Province’s Johannesburg and Tshwane Metropolitan Municipalities is covered in Chapter Three. Chapter 7 of the Constitution of 1996 establishes three categories for local government, specifically, local municipalities (Category B), districts (Category C), and metropolitan areas (Category A). Provincial municipalities, also known as metropolitans in each region, have sole jurisdiction over local government and legislation, according to the 2017 reports of the Statistics South Africa. They are found in significant, densely populated regions with stable, intricate, and varied economies. It is argued that the district municipalities are responsible for planning and allocating resources among the local municipalities and cooperating with other branches of government. The study used a literature and document review to compile information on performance management systems in South African municipalities. The study used secondary data to compile information. No interviews and questionnaires form part of the study, hence there was no human interaction recorded. This statement meets the requirements of research ethics as information is compiled from the sources available in public domain. The information was assessed through document analysis. The aim of the study is to explain what are the factors that may hamper the effective implementation of performance management system at local governance level. The study identifies various challenges linking to performance management such as training, commitment from higher management, awareness, cultural change, to state a few. Based on the findings, the article suggests various interventions to improve the implementation status quo of performance management systems.
Keywords: Municipalities, performance management, qualitative, South Africa.
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Sustainable Future with the Development of a Secure Mini-bus Taxi Pick-up System for Children going to and coming from Schools
Mkateko G. Maluleke 1, Johnson O. Dehinbo 2*
1,2 Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Information & Communications Technology, Tshwane University of Technology, Soshanguve, Pretori, South Africa.
*Corresponding author: Dehinbooj@tut.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 3, Pg. 807-824, 2025.
Abstract: Todays children are the future of any society. Ensuring their future sustainability is very critical especially these days when their trips going to school and coming from school has become dangerous due to insecure taxis used for transport. The taxi business coupled with increased population has brought up various security issues. A particular group of taxi clients that is more susceptible is children in need of taxi to and from schools. Children’s safety has been reported as a concern in South Africa, children frequently go missing leaving parents devastated. It has been reported in other studies that public transportation is not safe in South Africa especially in urban areas. Various methods have been conducted in an effort to ensure that children are safe when using taxis and taxi applications, however, the methods can tend to be inadequate as the children still go missing. In this research paper, an application is developed that will improve children’s safety when using the taxi application systems. The Design Science research method has been adopted in this research and various data collection methods have been used. Furthermore, it details the business, functional and non-functional requirements. The proposed application will include the biometric technology to improve safety of children as it is known that the safety of women and children in South Africa is a huge concern. The application is implemented in the mobile app and the desktop app which allows the child and the driver to scan their fingers in departure and destination. The steps towards evaluation of the system by a group of participants are also highlighted. The the change to the use of the system leading to possible safer environment for future generation in the course of gaining education is a step in the right direction working towards a sustainable future.
Keywords: mini-bus taxis, school children, single passenger taxi, biometrics, design science systems
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Feminist reflections on the exclusion of women from the acquisition of land and from participating actively as members in traditional courts
Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema
Department of Law, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: NgemaNM@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 825-832, 2025.
Abstract: Section 3 together with section 11 (3) (b) of the Black Administration Act 38 of 1927 serves as the genesis of the dilemma of the legal exclusion of women from actively participating in customary decision-making forums. Section 3 excluded women from customary decision-making forums and was complemented by section 11 (3) (b) of the same Act which declared women as the perpetual minors for the rest of their lives. Eventually this became part and parcel of the living customary law. Marital power of a husband was eventually abolished in South Africa and the progressive legislative developments were made to bring about the equality of both men and women. Despite the presence of the pieces of legislations advocating for the equality of both sexes, women continue to be excluded from the acquisition, control and the ownership of land. In nearly three decades of our constitutional democracy that is founded on, inter alia, the value of equality and non-discrimination, women are still poorly represented and generally excluded from traditional forums responsible for taking decisions pertaining to the distribution of land. Women continue to be discriminated against in the traditional courts despite the presence of progressive legislative developments advocating for their representation in traditional councils. Patriarchy remains deeply rooted in traditional courts and in many instances, women are regarded as gossips that are not taken seriously and are excluded from participating as members of traditional councils. In view of the plight of women regarding access, control and ownership of land and their exclusion in traditional decision-making forums, this remains a feminist issue. In view of the already mentioned discrimination against women that persists despite the presence of the progressive legislation, broad awareness campaigns are essential to enlighten the public about women’s land rights more generally. These campaigns can be conducted via television, radio, print media and internet to inform the public about women’s rights to land and access to traditional courts, distributing such information in local languages. This would ensure that such campaigns effectively include and reach the marginalised and illiterate women.
Keywords: traditional courts, exclusion of women from land acquisition and decision making
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Exploring the role and effectiveness of the Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre within the South African Police Service
Mpho Maboa 1, Juanida Suzette Horne 2*
1,2 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa,
Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding authour:hornejs@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 833-850, 2025.
Abstract: The global rise in crime has compelled law-enforcement agencies to move beyond traditional policing methods toward more strategic, technology-driven approaches. While visible policing was once believed to deter crime, research indicates that visibility alone is insufficient. Instead, crime prevention relies on planned police deployment guided by effective crime analysis. Crime analysis supports law enforcement in enhancing public safety, identifying emerging trends, allocating resources efficiently, and designing targeted prevention strategies. Although the concept of crime analysis has been recognised internationally since the 1960s, its integration into police operations in South Africa is relatively recent. The South African Police Service (SAPS) has introduced legislative measures and dedicated personnel to support crime information analysis. At the station level, this function is performed by the Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre (CIMAC), which is the focal point of this study.Using a qualitative case study design, this research explored the role and effectiveness of CIMAC. Data were gathered through an extensive literature review, and in-depth interviews with SAPS officials, CIMAC personnel, and provincial and national Crime Registrar representatives. International perspectives were incorporated through interviews with two overseas experts in crime analysis. The findings revealed that CIMAC provides crucial operational crime information and intelligence products, including street names, addresses, and crime series profiles. These resources aid in identifying crime trends, hotspots, priority areas, and investigative leads that support detection and prevention efforts. However, the study also identified challenges, such as weak communication channels, underutilised analytical outputs, and limited collaboration between CIMAC and other policing units.
To address these gaps, the study proposes a framework to standardise and strengthen the use of CIMAC at the station level. The recommendations focus on clarifying reporting structures, revitalising oversight mechanisms, defining roles and responsibilities, increasing awareness of CIMAC’s value, ensuring adequate training and resources, and integrating CIMAC analysts into operational planning. The proposed framework seeks to enhance CIMAC’s contribution to crime prevention and reduction by embedding crime analysis into daily policing practices and aligning its operations with global standards. Improved communication and collaboration, and the proactive use of crime data are central to optimising CIMAC’s role.
Keywords: Crime Analysis, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre (CIMAC), Crime Patterns, Crime Prevention, Crime Reduction, Crime Statistics, Crime Trends, South African Police Service.
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Evidence in Zina Cases as a Form of Discrimination against Women in Pakistan
Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema
Law Department, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: NgemaNM@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 851-856, 2025.
Abstract: Islamic law regards fornication and adultery (zina) as a very serious offence and unlawful (haram) and attracts a severe punishment to any transgressor. Zina can be proven by confession of the culprit or by a testimony of at least four Muslim male witnesses. Women are not allowed to testify as witnesses in zina cases, and the findings of this paper is that the exclusion of women from testifying in zina cases constitutes an unfair discrimination against women and this is not in line with international human rights. The standard of proof is higher to women if compared to their male counterparts and this constitutes discrimination against women. This is because pregnancy of an unmarried woman is used as evidence of fornication (zina), and this led to a situation where a woman is convicted for committing zina while her accomplice is acquitted for lack of evidence. Biologically a man cannot be impregnated by anyone, and he can only be convicted of zina if he confessed or when there is testimony of four male witnesses. Common sense dictates that it is not easy if not impossible to get the testimony of four witnesses who saw actual penetration during sexual intercourse. The current evidentiary requirements in zina cases are a clear violation of human rights of women.
Keywords: fornication and adultery (zina), testimony in zina cases, pregnancy as proof of zina, discrimination against women
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Industrialisation Through the Digitalisation of Fingerprint-taking in the Criminal Justice System
Ntombenhle Cecilia Dube 1*, Rakgetse John Mokwena 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, South Africa.
* Corresponding author: dubenc@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 857-864, 2025.
Abstract: Identification through fingerprints is very crucial and it is trusted by law enforcement worldwide. Fingerprints are said to be unique in every individual no person shares the same fingerprint as the other even the identical twins. Therefore, obtaining of fingerprints when police are charging suspects, Department of Home Affairs capturing passports and Identity books, Correctional services admitting offenders, courts transferring offenders to the correctional centres, calls for a thorough and accurate capturing of fingerprints so that the information is correctly stored or correctly conveyed to where it is needed. Using of paper and ink to obtain fingerprints and then transport that paper to the Local Criminal Record centre (LCRC) is not feasible, the process needs to be changed. Problems associated with manually obtaining fingerprints include offenders who can go the whole process of incarceration with clean record, because fingerprints were unreadable during the LCRC capturing. Includes offenders who are charges, released and evade prosecution without being recorded as a wanted or as a suspect in the case. This happens when LCRC finds that the obtained fingerprints (SAP 76) are poorly obtained, and they are unreadable. They return the SAP 76 to the police station for retake, that time, the offender has already been released and cannot be traced because they normally give wrong details. Therefore, the use of digital fingerprint scanners will be a solution. Hospitals and mortuaries need to be part of this industrialisation to minimise fraudulent deaths and false birth registrations. This can be done by utilising digital fingerprint scanners in hospitals to confirm visitation without divulging patient`s medical information and to confirm identity of the deceased in mortuaries.
Keywords: Digitalisation, digital scanners, fingerprints, industrialisation
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Ukuthwala custom: exploring African epistemologies to solve some societal problems
Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema 1*, Tolaine Matadi 2
1, 2 Law Department, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: NgemaNM@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 865-870, 2025.
Abstract: This paper seeks to explore the African cultural epistemologies behind the custom of ukuthwala and find out its potential whether it is still relevant in our modern society. The paper finds out that it is still relevant and can solve the following individual circumstances, namely: (a) to fast track marriage negotiations where timing is an issue, (b) when a woman is faced with a dilemma of having met a man she truly loves more than the current lover in her life, (c) to speed up marriage negotiations in response to peer pressure, (d) to force the hand of parents if the suitor is too poor to afford lobolo, (d) to circumvent parental opposition to the match. The above shows the beauty of the practice of ukuthwala and that it does not constitute a violation of human rights if there is an agreement. However, the influence of colonialism led to the distortion of many indigenous cultures and ways of life. The negative forms of ukuthwala that does not involve the consent of a woman is a violation of human rights. Any culprit will be punished severely and is prone to the criminal charges of rape, human trafficking, and assault.
Keywords: ukuthwala, African cultural epistemologies, human trafficking, rape, and assault
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Underutilisation of Fingerprints to Identify Suspects in Business Robbery
Sindile Mdoda 1, Matsidinkane Solomon Manamela 2, Rakgetse John Mokwena 3
1,2,3 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
Corresponding author:mokwerj@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 871-878, 2025
Abstract: The success or failure of any criminal investigation often depends on the search for and collection of physical evidence left at a crime scene, as well as the proper analysis of that evidence. Identifying criminal suspects by means of fingerprints has proven to be one of the most effective methods to apprehend persons who might otherwise go undetected and continue their criminal activities. Therefore, more cases might be solved by means of fingerprints than by any other single type of physical evidence. This article provides a qualitative empirical analysis to determine the maximum level of utilisation of fingerprints as a technique to identify suspects in business robbery cases, to find new knowledge that could improve the use of fingerprints, and suggest ways to apply this knowledge to enhance the performance of crime scene investigators and the prosecution in courts of law. A multi-method approach to data collection was used for this article, with the researchers using a literature review, docket analysis and interviews to collect data from the relevant departments in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It was found that crime scene investigators (CSIs) do not always optimally utilise light sources when searching for fingerprints, fluorescent powders to develop the fingerprints, or imprint photograph, and they do not always lift valuable prints. Crime scenes are often not properly secured, and evidence is not handled correctly, leading to the contamination and destruction of fingerprint evidence. Continuous refresher training and workshops for CSIs on the latest techniques and best practices in fingerprint collection and analysis are recommended. This will help maximise the benefits obtained from fingerprint evidence. With findings and recommendations, the article contribute significantly to solving business robberies.
Keywords: crime scene, forensic investigation, fingerprints, identification, individualisation, automated fingerprint identification system, fingerprint expert
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Punishment for committing the hudud crime of fornication and adultery (zina) as a form of assault
Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema 1*, Desan Iyer 2
1, 2 Law Department, University of Zululand, South Africa.
*Corresponding author: NgemaNM@unizulul.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 879-884, 2025.
Abstract: This study seeks to investigate the Islamic punishment for committing the hudud crime of fornication and adultery (zina). According to the tenets of Islamic law, fornication is punishable with 100 lashes and adultery is punishable with death by stoning. South Africa is a country where numerous languages, cultures, religions and ethnic groups are allowed to thrive in one geographical territory. Since South Africa treaded on the path of progressive countries that respect human rights and thereby decriminalizing fornication and adultery (zina). The findings of the study are that Islamic punishments of those Muslims who have committed zina constitutes assault and are not likely to pass constitutional muster in South Africa. The latter mentioned punishments also conflict with reproductive rights and are more likely to perpetuate the cycle of child marriages. This is because in a quest to avoid zina Islamic law permits and tolerates child marriages.
Keywords: Assault, punishment of adultery and fornication (zina)
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Exploring Road Safety Challenges Faced by Learners at Makapanstad Primary Schools
Matsidinkane Solomon Manamela 1*, Rakgetse John Mokwena 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa;
*Corresponding author:manamms@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 885-894, 2025.
Abstract: South Africa’s road infrastructure is crucial to its economy, facilitating the movement of goods and people both domestically and internationally. The extensive system of national highways and secondary routes is essential for various users, including commuters and learners. This study explores road safety challenges faced by learners travelling to Makapanstad primary schools. The study further posits that learners encounter significant obstacles related to safety regulations, despite government’s efforts to enhance enforcement and raise public awareness to reduce traffic accidents. The disturbing road accident mortality rate of 25 per 100,000 individuals necessitates that urgent attention should be accorded to road safety measures. The study employed qualitative research methods, with purposively sampled participant categories that included teachers and learners in the Moretele district through semi-structured interviews and observations. The ATLAS.ti software was utilised for recording, transcribing, and analysing data. The findings underscore myriad challenges regarding traffic law enforcement and compliance, and behavioural issues among road users. Additionally, difficulties were noted with scholar patrol operations and local bylaw enforcement. The transportation of learners and teachers remains a pressing concern for the South African government, as revealed by the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS, 2013). In conclusion, law enforcement agencies must address traffic regulations, compliance, vehicle and driver assessments, infrastructure issues, and road user education.
Keywords: Road safety, learners, teachers, challenges
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Regulation of Fornication and Adultery (zina): What Malaysia can Learn from International Law to Enhance the Achievement of Millennium Development Goals
Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema
Law Department, University of Zululand, South Africa.
Corresponding author: NgemaNM@unizulu.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 893-898, 2025.
Abstract: Islamic law forbids fornication and adultery (zina) and fornication is punishable with 100 lashes and adultery is punishable with death by stoning (rajm). Islamic law is elevated by the Constitution that declares it as the state religion. The Federal government of Malaysia has delegated Islamic matters to be under the legislative competence of individual states. Some states such as Kelantan have retained stoning as punishment for adultery and 100 lashes as punishment for fornication. On the contrary, the state of Perak has done away with the punishment of stoning and replaced it with 1 year imprisonment. Hence there is no uniformity on the regulation of zina in Malaysia. Malaysia can learn some lessons from international law which has decriminalised fornication and adultery. Punishment for zina contributes to the perpetuation of many social ills such as child marriages, violation of the right to life, reproductive rights, the right to health and many more. It contributes to retaining the cycle of poverty amongst females and is an anathema to the achievement of millennium development goals. International maintains that everyone has a right to choose when to have sex, when to have children and to fall in love out of free will and volition. The punishment for the Islamic hudud crime of zina is not in synch with modernity that is grounded on the universality of human rights.
Keywords: punishment of adultery and fornication (zina), perpetuation of social ills, anathema to sustainable development
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Analysing the Role of Data Integrity in Crime Analysis and Prevention within the South African Police Service
Mpho Maboa 1*, Juanida Suzette Horne 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
2 *Corresponding author: etshihm@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 899-914, 2025.
Abstract: Information management plays a crucial role across various sectors, particularly within police departments, where the ability to collect, process, and analyse data is fundamental for informed decision making and strategic planning. In response to this need, the South African Police Service (SAPS) has partnered with Statistics SA to ensure that crime data meet high-quality standards, thereby enhancing the reliability and accuracy of crime analysis. This paper analyses the role of data integrity in crime analysis and prevention within the SAPS, emphasising the importance of maintaining high-quality data to support effective policing. Using a qualitative approach, the researchers collected data through an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with SAPS officials, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre members at the station level, and Crime Registrar members at the provincial and national levels. Insights from two international participants provided a global perspective on the use of crime analysis units in crime prevention and reduction. The findings reveal that while crime analysis is essential for supporting police operations, poor-quality data hamper decision making and resource allocation and lead to inefficient police responses. The paper highlights the benefits of high-quality data and underscores the critical role of crime analysts, which utilises primary and secondary data to derive insights that guide police operations. Recommendations include the need for comprehensive training for stakeholders on the various types and processes of crime analysis. The researchers also advocate integrating crime analysis into daily operations, strategic planning, and decision making, to ensure better coordination and information sharing across units. The SAPS should implement robust monitoring mechanisms to ensure effective and efficient data capturing across all internal systems. Personnel responsible for entering data into police systems and case dockets must be held accountable when data are incomplete, inaccurate, or not captured according to standards. Since crime analysis is dependent on the integrity of the data input, the SAPS should prioritise developing and implementing a clear consequence management framework. It can enhance its crime prevention efforts by improving data integrity, fostering collaboration, and implementing the proposed strategies to safeguard communities. A structured approach to crime analysis will enable the SAPS to optimise its effectiveness in crime reduction, offender apprehension and resource management.
Keywords: Crime analysis, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre, crime prevention, data analysis, data integrity, data management, data quality, information management, South African Police Service.
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Exploring the Impact of Traffic Policing for Sustainable Development: South African Context
Rakgetse John Mokwena 1*, Maseeng Patricia Maphaka 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding authour: mokwerj@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 915-922, 2025.
Abstract: South Africa is using multi- approach law enforcement in traffic policing for sustainable development. Traffic policing is one of the most significant functions of law enforcement in South Africa. Each police department have its own rules and regulations. Although, the approach is good, it has its own dynamic and challenges. Traffic policing plays a critical role in ensuring road safety, improving compliance with traffic laws, and reducing incidents of accidents and fatalities on South African roads. The transportation system in the country is facing many challenges as a result of population growth, increased migration, poor road safety, and insufficient infrastructure. The government faces a high rate of road accidents, congestion and lawlessness on public roads. Due to the factors mentioned earlier, the country has various law enforcement agencies including; the National Traffic Police (NTP), Provincial Traffic Police (PTP), Municipal Traffic Police (MTP)/ Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) and the South African Police Service (SAPS) with the separation and the duplication of duties or responsibilities. This article aimed to explore the impact of traffic policing in South Africa. The research methodology utilized for this paper was a pure, reliable literature review analysis. The study relied mainly on theoretical, methodical, and thematic literature analysis to conduct non-empirical research. The article aimed to explore the impact of traffic policing in South Africa, examining its effectiveness, challenges, and areas for improvement.
Keywords: accidents, law enforcement, motor vehicle, public road, traffic policing
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An Evaluation of The Use of Electronic Evidence in the Investigation of Procurement Corruption: A Case Study of Ethekwini Regional Office
Molondolozi Prince Hlengwa 1, Matsidinkane Solomon Manamela 2*
1 Special Investigating Unit, Durban, South Africa.
2 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa.Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding authour: manamms@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 923-934, 2025.
Abstract: Procurement corruption has become a major problem in South Africa, affecting both the public and private sectors, and also lowers the country’s moral standards significantly. Electronic evidence is gradually becoming recognised as an important intervention in the fight against procurement corruption in both criminal and civil cases, especially that technological progress has become even more pronounced in the twenty-first century. This article evaluates the methodologies used in the collection of electronic evidence during the investigation of procurement corruption. To that effect, the paper further focuses on identification of the limitations of electronic evidence that have investigative value, and also proposes procedural improvements in order to guarantee the admissibility requirements of such evidence. The investigation and punishment of corruption rely heavily on electronic evidence. However, it is important to recognise the prevalence of other types of evidence. Each procurement corruption case presents unique characteristics and necessitates individualised handling of evidence. This study adopts a qualitative empirical research design approach to elucidate the sentiments and perspectives of forensic investigators, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the meanings associated with their professional experiences. Findings from the research indicate an increasing importance of electronic evidence, due to the proliferation of devices and services, such as smartphones and cloud storage, and their facilitation of evidence acquisition in the context of procurement corruption investigations. The study emphasises that meticulous planning and preparation are essential for the efficient processing of identified electronic evidence at any crime scene related to procurement corruption. Furthermore, the findings and recommendations advocate for forensic investigators to seek additional forensic support when digital forensic expertise is required, whether from local forensic units or outside specialists. Such a trajectory would ensure adherence to established procedures and admissibility of evidence in judicial proceedings.
Keywords: Corruption, electronic evidence, investigation, and procurement.
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Enhancing Crime Prevention by Converting Data into Intelligence within the South African Police Service
Mpho Maboa 1*, Juanida Suzette Horne 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding author: etshihm@unisa.ac.za
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 935-952, 2025.
Abstract: In South Africa, crime, particularly violent crime, remains a persistent public concern, frequently spotlighted in media discourse. The South African Police Service, as mandated by Section 205(3) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), is entrusted with preventing, combating and investigating crime. Central to fulfilling this mandate is accurate and timely crime information, including the nature, location, motive, and timing of criminal incidents, vital for guiding effective policing responses. Over time, crime analysis has emerged as an essential tool in transforming raw data into actionable intelligence, enabling evidence-based policing practices. This paper highlights the benefits of crime analysis in supporting law enforcement strategies, informing resource allocation, guiding operational decisions, and enhancing the ability of police to detect, understand, and prevent crime.This paper explores enhancing crime prevention by converting data into intelligence within the South African Police Service. Adopting a qualitative research methodology, data were collected through an extensive literature review and in-depth interviews with South African Police Service officials, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre members at the station level, and representatives from the Office of the Crime Registrar at both provincial and national levels. Additionally, two international experts were interviewed to provide comparative insights and global perspectives on the role of crime analysis in policing. This paper’s findings reveal that, although the South African Police Service has formalised crime analysis structures, significant gaps remain in stakeholders’ understanding of crime analysis’s various types, processes, and objectives. It further underscores the importance of standardised training, professionalisation, and the full integration of crime analysis into all levels of police practice.
The paper provides recommendations to improve the effectiveness of crime analysis in policing. These include embedding crime analysis into daily operational planning, promoting interdepartmental information sharing, enhancing accountability through regular Crime Information Management and Analysis meetings, and increasing the strategic use of crime analysis products across units. It is also recommended that provincial and national crime registrars develop a practical pocketbook to standardise crime analysis outputs, detailing analytical report types, uses, formats, and production frequency. The research further stresses the need for continuous capacity development and managerial support to foster a culture of analytical thinking within the South African Police Service. In conclusion, the paper outlines the strategic value of institutionalising crime analysis in contemporary policing. When effectively implemented, crime analysis strengthens intelligence-led, problem-oriented, and hotspot policing models. By converting data into intelligence, the South African Police can improve responsiveness, adapt strategies to emerging crime trends, and achieve more effective crime prevention outcomes.
Keywords: Crime analysis, crime data, crime information, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre, crime reduction, crime prevention, data, information analysis, intelligence, South African Police Service.
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Cultivating Climate-Ready Minds: Agro-Trainees Awareness and Perception toward Climate Change in South-West Nigeria
Oluwakemi Enitan Fapojuwo 1, Babatunde Adeoye Okubena 2, Michael Tunde Ajayi 3
1,2,3 Department of Agricultural Administration, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
*Corresponding author: kemifapojuwo@gmail.com
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 953-968, 2025.
Abstract: The awareness and perception of agro-trainees with respect to climate change is paramount in shaping the future of agriculture in South-West Nigeria. While progress has been made, there is still a need for improved climate education, policy support and practical training to equip future farmers with the skills to combat climate challenges. The study therefore, examined the awareness and perception of agro-trainees to climate change in South-West Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 600 Farm Practical Year (FPY) students for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the respondents and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, means, standard deviation, Chi-square, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Results reveal that 52.0% of the respondents were female, 61.3% were Christian, 92.0% were single and 86.0% live off-campus with an average age, CGPA, household size and monthly allowance of 23 years, 3.69, 5 persons and ₦18,266.67 respectively. Internet (90.7%), television (86.0%) and school (84.7%) were the major sources of information on climate change reported by the respondents. The major causes of climate changed identified by the respondents were ozone depletion (83.3%), bush burning (82.7%) and natural cause (81.3%). The results show that 94.0% of the respondents were aware of climate change as they reported that climate is dynamic over time (=3.54), not the same thing as weather (=3.43) and that damage to the ozone layer also causes climate change (=3.37). The majority (94.0%) of the respondents had favourable perception of climate change because they perceived the climate to be changing (=4.55) as there are observed changes in temperature (=4.25) and shift in raining seasons (=4.19). Respondents perceived planting of new crops (=3.55), water management to prevent water logging and erosion (=3.55) as well as construction of drainage channels (=3.21) as effective climate change adaptation strategies. The chi-square results revealed that there is a significant (p<0.05) association between religion (χ2=6.71) and the perception of respondents on climate change. Correlation results revealed a positive and significant (p<0.05) relationship between age (r =0.21), CGPA (r =0.30), awareness on climate change (r=0.27) and perception of respondents on climate change. The study concluded that the respondents are aware of climate change and its adaptation strategies. Therefore, agro-trainees should be provided with hands-on trainings and capacity building on climate-smart agriculture.
Keywords: Adaption strategies, Agro-trainees, Awareness, Climate change, Perception
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Exploring Crime Analysis and Operational Efficiency in the South African Police Service with a Focus on Challenges and Opportunities
Mpho Maboa 1*, Juanida Suzette Horne 2
1 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
2 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law,
University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
*Corresponding author:etshihm@unisa.ac.za,
Volume 18, Issue 12, Chapter 2, Pg. 969-988, 2025.
Abstract: Crime analysis has evolved from the basic identification of crime patterns to a sophisticated and systematic discipline that plays a critical role in crime prevention, case resolution, and community safety. This study investigates the development, practical application, and challenges of crime analysis within the South African Police Service by emphasising its integration into various policing models and its contribution to strengthen law enforcement strategies. Given the complex and ever-changing crime landscape in South Africa, data-driven policing is increasingly relied on to develop more informed and effective responses to criminal activity. Adopting a qualitative case study approach, the researchers explore crime analysis and the operational efficiency of the South African Police Service by focusing on challenges and opportunities. Data collection involved an in-depth literature review and interviews with various stakeholders, including South African Police Service officials; crime information management and analysis centre personnel; provincial and national Crime Registrar representatives; and international crime analysis experts. This study aims to identify key obstacles to the effective use of crime analysis, compare South African practices with international benchmarks, and evaluate how crime analysis informs and supports policing strategies such as standard policing, Intelligence-Led Policing (ILP), hotspot policing, Problem-Oriented Policing (POP), and community-based policing.
The findings of this paper indicate that although crime analysis is widely acknowledged as a vital tool for operational and strategic decision-making, several challenges limit its application. Foremost among these are issues related to data integrity, a lack of adequately trained personnel and technological resources, inefficiencies in management practices, and weak communication channels between analysts and operational personnel. Despite these challenges, crime analysis remains an essential mechanism for guiding proactive policing approaches, detecting crime patterns, identifying high-crime areas, and measuring the effectiveness of police interventions. One of the most persistent problems is the inconsistent application of crime analysis findings at operational level. Because analytical outputs are not always integrated into frontline policing, their influence on tactical and strategic actions is minimal. Additionally, a lack of formalised feedback mechanisms means that valuable insights often go unutilised, which diminishes the relevance and impact of analysts’ work. Another challenge is the shortage of structured career development pathways for crime analysts, which affects staff morale, retention, and the long-term institutionalisation of analytical expertise within the South African Police Service.
To address these issues, this paper makes several recommendations. These include strengthening the integration of crime analysis into everyday policing practices, improving communication and collaboration between analysts and operational staff, enhancing training and professional development opportunities, and addressing data quality and management concerns. Furthermore, establishing clearly defined career progression frameworks for analysts, cross-departmental collaboration, and sufficient resourcing are essential for sustaining and advancing the discipline. This paper underscores the strategic value of crime analysis in modern policing and the necessity of overcoming organisational, communicative, and resource-related challenges to enhance its effectiveness. By implementing these recommendations, the South African Police Service will be able to leverage crime analysis in its decision-making, crime reduction efforts, and attempts to improve public safety.
Keywords: Crime analysis, community-based policing, hotspot policing, intelligence-led policing, problem-oriented policing
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