OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
| Adapting to Global Carbon Policies: Economic Impact of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Indian Businesses | 11-20 |
| The relevance of understanding bloodstain patterns and bloodstain patterns analysis (BPA) at crime scenes in Johannesburg, South Africa | 21-28 |
| From Shadows to Spotlight: Unmasking the Unnoticed Trend of Women Turning to Deadly Means for Financial Stability in South Africa | 29-36 |
| Organic Farming Practices and their Impact on Soil Health: Advancing Environmental Sustainability in India A Systematic Literature Review | 37-52 |
| Unlocking the Investigative Potential: The Role of Closed-Circuit Television Footage in Combating ATM Card Fraud | 53-70 |
| An Examination of the Rise of Contract Killing in South Africa: Legal, Social, and Ethical Implications for Justice | 71-78 |
| Comparison of Core Blood Parameters in Neonates Born to Hypothyroid Mothers and Euthyroid Mothers | 79-86 |
| A moderated-mediation analysis of resources and business performance of smallholder deciduous fruit farming enterprises in South Africa: toward the development of a sustainable business model | 87-98 |
Adapting to Global Carbon Policies: Economic Impact of Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Indian Businesses
Neha Makol 1, Puja Gupta 2, Meenakshi Mital 3, Matt Syal 4
1,2,3 Department of Resource Management & Design Application, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, India.4 School of Planning, Design & Construction, Michigan State University, USA.
Abstract: This paper analyses the impact of global carbon policies through the lens of the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its implications for Indian industries, particularly in carbon-intensive sectors such as steel, cement, and aluminium. Imposition of carbon tariffs on imported goods has placed an additional economic pressure on Indian exporters, potentially undermining their trade competitiveness. This study examines the economic effects of CBAM, focusing on the tax burden and its impact on Indian businesses. Furthermore, it explores emissions reduction strategies, such as investing in cleaner technologies and improving energy efficiency. The paper also underscores the importance of developing a robust domestic carbon market in India to align industries with global carbon regulations and enhance their resilience in the face of evolving international climate commitments.
Key words: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), carbon emissions, carbon pricing, energy, industries
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The relevance of understanding bloodstain patterns and bloodstain patterns analysis (BPA) at crime scenes in Johannesburg, South Africa
Rakgetse John Mokwena 1, Thema Victor Matlou 2
1,2 University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 21-28, 2025
Abstract: It is very essential for the crime scene investigator to understand the importance of the bloodstain spatter at the crime scene specially where violent toot place. It doesn’t matter how small the drop or the spatter is it will always tell a story. Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is an important part of forensic science that contributes significantly to crime scene investigations. Forensic investigators may learn a lot about a crime scene occurrence by examining the shape, distribution, and position of bloodstains. Bloodstains can show the sort of weapon used, the number of strikes or bullets, the victim and assailant’s positions and movements, and the order of events. The usefulness of bloodstain pattern analysis lies from its capacity to recreate the crime scene and reveal previously unknown information. Bloodstains of various sorts, such as splatter, droplets, pools, or smears, might suggest a variety of acts, including a fight, a fatal wound, or an attempt to clean up the crime scene. Furthermore, the examination can help determine if the bloodstains were created by the victim, the offender, or another person, assisting in the identification of those involved. BPA results can be used as strong evidence in court, supporting or opposing witness testimony and providing to a better understanding of the crime. It is a subject that needs careful attention to detail, a understanding of forensic science and the aforementioned analysis in order to discover the truth behind violent occurrences. Participants were interviewed for the article using a qualitative empirical technique with approval from the South African Police Services and ethical clearance from the University of South Africa. The article’s conclusions and suggestions were important for the police to follow.
Keywords: Bloodstain, Bloodstain pattern, Blood pattern analysis; Crime scene; Crime scene reconstruction; identification and individualisation.
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From Shadows to Spotlight: Unmasking the Unnoticed Trend of Women Turning to Deadly Means for Financial Stability in South Africa
Sabelinah, M. Tshoane
Department of Law, Safety & Security Management, Faculty of Humanities
Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 29-36, 2025.
Abstract: This paper delves into a disturbing yet often overlooked phenomenon in South Africa, the increasing trend of women resorting to drastic measures for financial stability, often with fatal consequences. Despite progress in gender equality and economic empowerment initiatives, many women continue to face significant financial challenges, pushing them to extreme actions. The article explores and sheds light on the socioeconomic factors driving women towards desperate measures, such as involvement in illicit activities or engaging in risky behaviors in South Africa. This qualitative article adopted a non-empirical research design: Systematic review, indirect observation schedules to identify and describe available research literature ‘using systematic and explicit accountable methods and pre-specified formalised tools for searching and integrating literature. The collected data was examined through inductive textual content analysis. The findings revealed that multifaceted nature of this issue, encompassing economic disparities, cultural norms, and systemic inequalities. By unmasking this hidden trend, the paper aims to spark dialogue and prompt policymakers, activists, and community leaders to take concerted action towards addressing the root causes and providing viable alternatives for women seeking financial stability.
Keywords: life insurance, woman, murder, serial killer. Black widow. Payment.
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Organic Farming Practices and their Impact on Soil Health: Advancing Environmental Sustainability in India: A Systematic Literature Review
Poornima Vijaykumar 1*, Amitabh Patnaik 2
1,2 Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Management Studies, Pune, India. |
1 St. Joseph’s College of Commerce (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 37-52, 2025.
Abstract: Soil health, an indicator of agricultural productivity and environmental sustainability is measured by physical, chemical and biological properties. Although chemical fertilizers-based conventional farming has shown to increase crop yield, it negatively affects the soil health. Organic farming, on the other hand, is associated with increased soil organic matter and improved soil structure. Such soil not only fosters crop yield but also supports environmental sustainability by sequestering carbon, reducing soil erosion and preserving biodiversity. This systematic literature review was conducted to evaluate existing research on the impact of organic farming practices on soil health in India, focusing on their effectiveness in enhancing environmental sustainability. Multiple search strategies were employed across well-known databases. Relevant publications were selected using pre-established selection criteria, resulting in 23 selected studies that address the research questions. Findings identified application of organic inputs (manures, compost, biofertilizers), crop rotation, residue management and conservation agriculture as organic farming methods employed across India. These practices are effective in significantly enhancing organic matter, microbial population, biochemical processes, water retention capacity and nutrient levels of soils. While the benefits of organic farming are evident, its limited adoption calls for increased policy support from the government and farmer education to meet the Sustainable Development Goals.
Keywords: Environmental sustainability, India, organic agriculture, organic farming, soil health, soil quality
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Unlocking the Investigative Potential: The Role of Closed-Circuit Television Footage in Combating ATM Card Fraud
Zukiswa Dywaba 1, Juanida Horne 2, Godfrey Thenga 3
1,2,3 Department of Police Practice, School of Criminal Justice, College of Law, University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 53-70, 2025.
Abstract: Technological advancements have played a significant role in the investigation of crimes, particularly those linked to automated teller machine (ATM) card fraud. Accordingly, the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage has become increasingly vital in assisting the South African Police Service (SAPS) in investigating, identifying and prosecuting the perpetrators of such crimes. The emergence of modern technologies has enabled the police to adapt their investigation methods by placing more emphasis on retrieval and analysis of CCTV footage. By emphasising the importance of CCTV footage and its role in investigating and preventing ATM card fraud, this article provides valuable insights into the measures that can be taken to combat this type of crime. This article highlights the significance of CCTV footage in the fight against ATM card fraud, providing an in-depth analysis of both local and international literature, as well as qualitative interviews conducted with members of the South African Police Service’s Commercial Crime Investigations Unit and other relevant authorities, such as the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit prosecutors, Kenyan public prosecutors, and Kenyan police officers.
This article further acknowledges that video footage can be presented as admissible electronic evidence in a court of law during legal proceedings, provided it is authentic, relevant, and relevant to the case. Such admissibility necessitates that the video should depict the events it purports to show accurately without any tampering or alterations. The findings in this article revealed multiple advantages of CCTV footage, including its provision of crucial evidence to law enforcement agencies such as the SAPS for pursuing investigations and prosecution of perpetrators. Furthermore, the findings emphasised the deterrent and utilitarian role of CCTV installations in monitoring and preventing ATM card fraud through the cameras that offer a practical and effective method to combat organised fraudulent activities and transactions. In addition, the findings indicate that factors such as poor-quality images and blurry footage exacerbate the identification of the perpetrator.
In conclusion, the researcher contends that the study, titled “Unlocking the Investigative Potential: The Role of Closed-circuit Television Footage in Combating ATM Card Fraud”, adds significantly to understanding the extent of CCTV footage utilisation by law enforcement agencies such as the SAPS in the thorough investigation of ATM card fraud cases. Furthermore, the study proposes some recommendations that can be implemented by SAPS policymakers to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of CCTV footage in investigating ATM card fraud.
Keywords: Advanced technology, ATM card fraud, closed-circuit television, closed-circuit television footage, investigator, surveillance
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An Examination of the Rise of Contract Killing in South Africa: Legal, Social, and Ethical Implications for Justice
Xolisile Khanyile 1, Nqobizwe Mvelo Ngema 2
1,2 University of Zululand, South Africa.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 71-78, 2025.
Abstract: The rise of contract killing, or murder-for-hire, has become a significant criminal concern in South Africa, posing serious challenges to the nation’s legal system, social fabric, and ethical standards. This study investigates the proliferation of contract killings, examining its causes, trends, and implications for justice in the country. By analysing case studies, legal frameworks, and the socio-economic factors that contribute to this crime, the research explores how organized crime, corruption, and systemic weaknesses facilitate the commission of contract killings. Furthermore, it assesses the social and psychological effects on victims, communities, and the broader society, highlighting how the normalization of violence undermines social cohesion. The study also critically evaluates the ethical dilemmas law enforcement agencies and the judiciary face in addressing this form of homicide, including the effectiveness of current preventive measures and legal responses. Ultimately, the research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding contract killings in South Africa and propose actionable recommendations to strengthen justice, prevent further proliferation, and promote a safer society.
Keywords: Contract Killing, Murder-for-Hire, Legal Implications, Social Impact, Justice System.
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Comparison of Core Blood Parameters in Neonates Born to Hypothyroid Mothers and Euthyroid Mothers
Bibaswan Roy 1, Jyothi R. S. 2
1,2 Department of Biochemistry, Shimoga Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka, India.
Volume 18, Issue 06, Pg. 79-86, 2025
Abstract: Pregnancy-related Maternal thyroid dysfunction is a results of hypothyroidism, can have an effect on fetal improvement as well as on neonatal health. This study examines the cord blood parameters in neonates born to hypothyroid moms with those born to euthyroid mothers. This case-control study is a design of this research included sample size 60 participants: 30 born to hypothyroid mothers (15 diagnosed in the 1st trimester and 15 diagnosed in the 2nd trimester) and 30 neonates born to euthyroid mothers. Thyroid function tests, including thyrotrophic hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), and thyroglobulin have measured. It indicates that neonates born to known as hypothyroid mothers exhibit irregularities in thyroid hormone levels which is characterized by evaluated higher TSH levels in 2nd trimester group than 1st trimester group and decreased the T4, T3, TBG, and thyroglobulin levels were also altered in neonates born to hypothyroid mothers. The control group of neonates from euthyroid mothers demonstrates that all levels are within an almost normal range. Maternal hypothyroidism, especially during the first and second trimesters, notably impacts neonatal thyroid hormone levels, increasing the likelihood of negative neonatal outcomes. Timely detection and proactive measures are essential to reducing these risks.
Keywords: Neonates Born, Hypothyroid Mothers, Euthyroid Mothers, Pregnancy, 1st trimester, 2nd trimester.
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A moderated-mediation analysis of resources and business performance of smallholder deciduous fruit farming enterprises in South Africa: toward the development of a sustainable business model
Bukelwa Grwambi 1*, Victor Mbulaheni Mmbengwa 2**, Jan Swanepoel 3
1 Western Cape Department of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Economics Services, Marketing and Agribusiness, Elsenburg, Republic of South Africa.
2 University of Limpopo, Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, Sovenga, Republic of South Africa.
3 University of the Free State, Department of Sustainable Food Systems and Development, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa.
Abstract: The performance of smallholder businesses in high value chains is important for their sustainability, especially given that their livelihoods depend on it. For businesses to thrive and maintain their competitive positions in global value chains, they need resources. This article analyses the variables that moderate and mediate the relationship between unique resources and the business performance of smallholder deciduous fruit farming enterprises using Andrew Hayes process macro model 7.The results showed that unique resources did not have a direct significant effect on smallholder business performance (β = -0.034, t(2) = -0.565, p = 0.565), while dynamic capabilities had a direct and positive significant effect on smallholder business performance (β = 0.1666, t(2) = 2.235, p = 0.027). In contrast, livelihood performance had a negative effect on small-scale business performance (β = -0.143, t (2) = -2.975, p = 0.004). There was a positive moderated effect of market performance on livelihood performance (β = 0.046, F (1,122) = 7.003, p = 0.000). Market performance also significantly moderated the relationship between unique resources and dynamic capabilities (β = 0.705, t (2) = 2.787, p = 0.006). The study recommends that small-scale deciduous fruit producers continue learning and experimenting during deciduous fruit production, as the dynamic capabilities acquired through learning are necessary for business performance. These findings have implications for smallholder deciduous fruit farmers and policy makers in South Africa managers.
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