OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
Table of Contents
| Determination of COVID-19 Effects on Biomedical Waste Generation at Selected Hospitals from Three Provinces in South Africa (2017-2022) | 11-24 |
| Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Store-Brand Disinfectants and One Commercial Kitchen Disinfectant in Eliminating Bacterial Contamination on Kitchen Surfaces | 25-34 |
| Assessing the status of sustainable development goal 5 (gender equality) in South African context | 35-44 |
| Assessing the impact of climate change on soil properties. A comprehensive study | 45-58 |
| Border Management Identification: The biometric technology to detect criminals and terrorists often travel using falsified identity documents | 59-70 |
| Challenges of Implementing the Integrated Electronic Property Management System (IEPMS) in Zimbabwe’s public sector | 71-80 |
| Forensic Identification: The Biometric Technology Linked to Online Financial Fraud and Crime Related to the South African Banking Industry | 81-98 |
| Reconsidering the conventional reconstruction mechanism of a crime scene: Exploring forensic photography | 99-108 |
| Community perspective on the effectiveness of the criminal justice system against illicit drugs in South Africa | 109-122 |
| Policy Analysis on Border Trade between Indonesia and Malaysia | 123-136 |
| Bridging the gap: Unpacking the role of the SAPS Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre in advancing Evidence-Based Policing in South Africa | 137-150 |
| The Mitigation Mechanisms of Climate Change in The South African Context | 151-156 |
| The root causes and extent of domestic violence in the Tshitale rural area of South Africa: An ongoing struggle for a feasible solution | 157-168 |
| Registered Nurses’ Experiences in managing Priority programmes during the COVID 19 pandemic in Rural provinces of South Africa: A Primary health care case Study | 169-184 |
| Promoting Intra-African Trade Through Agenda 2063 to Accelerate Continental Economic Growth for Sustainable Development | 185-194 |
| The impact of crime scene contamination by police officers in unsolved housebreaking cases in the Honeydew policing area, South Africa | 195-208 |
| Rethinking development: The informal sector’s role in transforming South Africa’s economy | 209-220 |
Determination of COVID-19 Effects on Biomedical Waste Generation at Selected Hospitals from Three Provinces in South Africa (2017-2022)
Mokgadi Cilia Mbethe 1, Mpinane Flory Senekane 2
1,2 Department of Environmental Health, Faculty if Health Sciences,
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa,
2 Correspondence: msenekane@uj.ac.za
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 11-24, 2024.
Posted on: October 21, 2024.
Abstract: Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) collection has been delayed in the referring clinics of the hospitals of interest due to a change from one waste collection company to another at the end of the contract between the user (health care facility) and the service provider (BMW collector). During this transition between collection agencies, BMW piles up in the healthcare facilities before it can be taken to landfills. Subsequently, while in transit, BMW has the potential to pollute the environment and pose risks to those exposed to it. This situation worsened during the COVID-19 era due to restricted movement within the country and curfews, which limited most companies’ service-delivery hours, including those of BMW collectors. Since BMW is generated from non-biodegradable medical consumables, recycling and other innovative interventions should be explored to manage this challenge. BMW is part of the total waste burden in South Africa, and it has negative implications for environmental health and global warming. The presence of COVID-19 and the safety measures that medical personnel had to apply may have contributed to the increase in BMW. Similarly, a lack of training among HCPs in BMW management is a concern that should be prioritised. Hence, the researcher intended to quantify the volume of BMW generated before and during the epidemic’s peak and determine HCPs’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in managing BMW. This information would provide evidence to motivate for alternative measures to be implemented to reduce BMW production at the point of generation, especially while dealing with infectious diseases like COVID-19.
This study aimed to determine COVID-19’s effect on biomedical waste generation in selected hospitals from three provinces in South Africa, and explore health care professionals (HCPs’) knowledge, attitudes, and practices in its management. A descriptive, quantitative, cross-sectional research design was used, with self-administered, closed-ended questionnaire. Secondary data of receipts of BMW collected from the selected hospitals for 2017–2022 to quantify the volume of BMW generated. A stratified random sampling method to determine sample of doctors and nurses (N=202) who met the study’s inclusion criteria was selected. Results: (60.7%) HCP’s attended in-service training. 86.9% stated having a Standard Working Procedure for Biomedical waste management in their hospital. (50.5%) HCPs believed BMW management was their responsibility. 49.0% of HCPs strongly agreed that they wore extra PPE during COVID-19. 91.0% of HCPs the correct colour-coded bin to use for BMW and sharps. Summer months had highest levels of waste production; January (10.91%) and February (11.46%) ranked among the top months for waste totals. Poor record-keeping affected quantifying the volume of BMW generated. Those with 16-20 years’ experience had 2.02 times higher odds of always practising proper waste management than the <5-year reference group (95% CI 0.11-0.93, p=0.036). Those with a degree had 1.78 times higher odds of always practising proper waste management versus the diploma reference group (95% CI 1.43-2.01, p=0.023). Conclusion: Improved record-keeping of BMW certificates/receipts is required in digital form can limit loss of data. HCPs’ knowledge, attitudes and practices in BMW management at the three hospitals were sufficient. Continued training to ensure consistency is recommended. COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on respondents, since it made them to be more careful in discarding of BMW. The practice of HCPs in terms of discarding waste correctly was not affected by the pressure that they worked under during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: attitude, biomedical waste management, COVID-19, knowledge, practices
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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Store-Brand Disinfectants and One Commercial Kitchen Disinfectant in Eliminating Bacterial Contamination on Kitchen Surfaces
Tshegofatso Nhabe
Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences,
University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Gauteng, 2094. South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 25-34, 2024.
Posted on: October 22, 2024.
Abstract: Cleaning is generally sufficient for routine household needs; however, certain situations, such as the presence of an ill family member or handling potentially contaminated food, may necessitate disinfection. In these contexts, microbiological disinfection becomes crucial as it helps to swiftly eliminate bacteria from various surfaces, floors, and inanimate objects. Effective disinfection is vital for preventing the spread of harmful bacteria that can lead to foodborne illnesses and other health complications. To thoroughly evaluate the efficacy of different disinfectants, the current study focused on a range of bacteria commonly associated with foodborne illnesses. Reference strains of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus were selected for testing due to their relevance in food safety and their potential to cause serious health issues if not adequately controlled. The Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used for this evaluation. This standard laboratory technique involves applying discs saturated with disinfectant solutions onto an agar plate inoculated with bacteria. The area around the discs where bacterial growth is inhibited is measured to determine the effectiveness of each disinfectant. Muller-Hinton agar was used as it is specifically designed to support the growth of a wide range of bacteria and provide clear results for antimicrobial testing.
The study compared one commercially known disinfectant with three different store-brand detergents. The results demonstrated that the store-brand disinfectants were more effective in eliminating the reference bacterial strains compared to the commercially known disinfectant. Larger inhibition zones around the store-brand disinfectant discs indicated a more robust antimicrobial action. This finding was consistent across all tested bacterial strains and was particularly noticeable on the Muller-Hinton agar medium, which facilitated clear visualization of the inhibition zones. The importance of these results is evident in their potential to influence consumer decisions and public health practices. Although store-brand disinfectants are frequently viewed as less effective or lower in quality, they have shown a high level of antimicrobial efficacy, which contradicts the common belief that commercial products are always superior. This information can help consumers make more informed decisions about disinfectant purchases and highlight the importance of evidence-based testing rather than brand reputation. Moreover, the study contributes valuable data to the field of food safety and hygiene, particularly in environments where bacterial contamination is a significant concern. By providing a comparative analysis of disinfectant effectiveness, the research supports better practices in maintaining cleanliness and preventing foodborne illnesses.
In conclusion, the study emphasizes the effectiveness of store-brand disinfectants and underscores the importance of rigorous testing in evaluating product performance. The findings can guide both consumers and industry professionals in selecting appropriate disinfectants for ensuring high standards of hygiene and safety in food preparation areas and other critical environments.
Keywords: Disinfection, cleaning, surface contamination, foodborne bacteria, Kirby Bauer
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Assessing the status of sustainable development goal 5 (gender equality) in South African context
Shikha Vyas-Doorgapersad
School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy, College of Business and Economics
University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 35-44, 2024.
Posted on: October 22, 2024.
Abstract: In the context of South Africa, the study evaluates the state of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 (focus). There are still many public and private organisations, corporations, public service departments, and local, provincial, and national government levels that exhibit gender inequality. Owing to the topic’s comprehensiveness, the study only examines the current state of gender equality at the local level (locus), as there are few discussions of the SDGs in a localised setting. In South Africa, discrimination against women has long existed. The persistent patriarchy could serve as evidence for this. Historically, men have been chosen for strategic appointments and promoted to higher positions. There have been several attempts in the last few years to stop this tendency, but it still exists despite various acts and legislative frameworks. What are the factors contributing to gender inequality and impeding the achievement of SDG 5 in South African local government? is the primary research question that forms part of the study. The article uses a qualitative desktop analysis to collect data and draw conclusions. The data was gathered through a review of the literature, which involved using a variety of academic journals, research projects, dissertations, and official documents. Document analysis as well as conceptual analysis were used to evaluate the data. Preserving equality and human rights has been one of the goals since the nation became democratic in 1994. The Bill of Rights in South Africa forbids all forms of discrimination and acts as a legal guarantee of gender equality. The United Nations Habitat 2008 documents state that the country’s highest legal framework, the 1996 Constitution, requires the implementation of equality-promoting measures. This is mandated by the Affirmative Action Act, which calls for racial and gender equality to be balanced. Additionally, given the stark underrepresentation, it promotes government initiatives to support women’s empowerment in the workplace and gender-based participation in decision-making platforms. But research reveals that barriers still exist that keep women out of political and administrative roles in South Africa, even with all the tools at their disposal—including institutional policies, legislative frameworks, and political will. It appears that the government is not acting forcefully enough to stop this from happening. To stop this trend from continuing, the government must act decisively to buck the trend. To do this, it is necessary to implement severe penalties for violators of the nation’s laws and policies aimed at empowering women and to take campaigns and actions seriously. This article suggests implementing civic education to ensure the continued success of South Africa’s relationship with culture and gender equality. The article makes the argument that gender inequality is a problem that needs to be addressed constantly and that strategic discussions and solutions are needed. The article’s objective was to start a conversation that would necessitate practitioners and policymakers joining the platform. To produce a longitudinal study of substantial value and contribute to the fields of gender studies, local government, and public administration, a consistent effort will be made to publish papers on this subject on a continuous basis.
Keywords: gender, gender equality, qualitative research, South Africa, sustainable development goal 5
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Assessing the impact of climate change on soil properties. A comprehensive study
Bhengu Phakamani ¹, Nkwonta Onyeka ²
¹,² Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Mangosuthu University of Technology Durban, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 45-58, 2024.
Posted on October 31, 2024
Abstract: Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant driver of soil property changes, with wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems, agricultural productivity, and global carbon cycles. This comprehensive study examines the effects of climate change on key soil properties, including soil carbon dynamics, moisture retention, nutrient cycling, erosion, and microbial activity. By synthesizing insights from climatology, soil science, and ecology, the study highlights how rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events exacerbate soil degradation processes. It emphasizes that soil organic matter decomposition, erosion, and nutrient leaching are intensified by changing climate conditions, posing risks to food security and ecosystem services. The study explores regional variations in soil responses, particularly focusing on vulnerable regions such as arid and semi-arid zones, mountainous areas, and coastal regions, where the effects are most pronounced. The findings underline the critical importance of sustainable soil management practices, such as carbon sequestration, water-efficient irrigation, and erosion control, to enhance soil resilience and mitigate climate-induced degradation. Recommendations include adopting region-specific soil conservation strategies, improving nutrient management, and promoting ecosystem restoration to ensure long-term sustainability of soils in the context of climate change. This study provides a foundational understanding of soil-climate interactions, offering valuable insights for policymakers, land managers, and researchers aiming to develop adaptive strategies for soil conservation in a changing climate.
Keywords: Climate change, soil properties, soil carbon dynamics, erosion, nutrient cycling, ecosystem resilience.
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Border Management Identification: The biometric technology to detect criminals and terrorists often travel using falsified identity documents
Mokopane Charles Marakalala1 Mpho Mark Matlala 2
College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice,
University of South Africa, Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 59-70, 2024.
Posted on October 31, 2024.
Abstract: This essay focuses on the use of biometric technologies in the African Union to identify terrorists and criminals who frequently travel with forged identity cards. The increasing acknowledgement of the distinct value and practical benefits of using biometric data is shown in the following areas: illegal immigration The entry of illegal immigrants into the African Union has been the main concern because of the border’s permeability. Smuggling: A Major concern with this area of the African border is the smuggling of weaponry, ammunition and drugs its applicability to transnational issues pertaining to border control, law enforcement and intelligence collecting. Due to a shortage of resources at the border crossing, terrorists and criminals frequently enter the African Union using forged identity cards. The paper presents an overview of the applications of biometric information and devices, including counterterrorism. The use of biometrics and its impact on human rights, such as the rights to privacy and data protection, are then discussed. In this regard, it also emphasizes the obligations of corporations and the government. In the end, it provides a number of recommendations for activities. As previously mentioned, public authorities have long employed biometric technologies for border management, criminal justice, law enforcement, and military applications. They are however increasingly employed in a variety of new ways. As such, they have been linked to the provision of government services and benefits in many jurisdictions. Basically, data collection is the methodical process of obtaining primary and secondary sources of information in order to comprehend the relevant problems involved in the research field. Secondary data for this study was acquired from studies and literature already in publication on biometric technologies to identify terrorists and criminals who frequently travel with forged identity documents. Secondary data is easily accessible, typically theoretical and abstract, and has not been directly gathered by the researcher. The non-empirical data collection used in the qualitative research design and methodology is done through the use of documentary analysis, closed case files found online, and law enforcement annual reports from the Special Investigation Unit, Hawks, Boarder Management Authority, South African Police Service, and Home Affairs.
Keywords: Forensic Identification, Biometric Technology, Detect, Criminal, Terrorist, Falsified Identity Documents.
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Challenges of Implementing the Integrated Electronic Property Management System (IEPMS) in Zimbabwe’s public sector
Alouis Chilunjika
School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 71-80, 2024.
Posted on October 31, 2024.
Abstract: Property asset management in most public sector entities in developing countries has been predominantly done manually. Organisations are now shifting from the archaic manual paper-based to an integrated electronic property management system (IEPMS). Adopting an integrated system of managing property assets despite being a desirable solution to property asset management is constrained by a myriad of challenges. Using the systems theory as the theoretical framework, the study examines the factors militating against the implementation of an integrated property management system in Zimbabwe’s public sector. The study being qualitative relied on in-depth interviews and written documents to collect data which was analysed using thematic and content analysis. The study established that the implementation of the IEPMS in Zimbabwe’s public sector is impeded by social, organisational, economic and legal challenges. The study therefore recommended ways and strategies to strengthen the smooth adoption and operationalization of the IEPMS in Zimbabwe’s public sector.
Keywords: Property Management, Integrated Property Management System, Challenges, Public sector, Zimbabwe.
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Forensic Identification: The Biometric Technology Linked to Online Financial Fraud and Crime Related to the South African Banking Industry
Mokopane Charles Marakalala 1
College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 81-98, 2024
Posted on November 06, 2024.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the forensic identification of the biometric technology linked to online financial fraud and crime related at the SABI. Biometric recognition, or biometrics for short, is the automatic identification of individuals based on their biological and behavioral characteristics. Due to the effectiveness of fingerprints in forensic science and law enforcement applications, as well as growing concerns about financial crime, cyber security, and border control, automated person recognition using fingerprints and other biological traits is becoming more and more common. Thus, it should come as no surprise that biometrics are used widely in many aspects of our society. Applications include border crossing, smartphone security, national civil registration, mobile payments, and restricted access. While many businesses have found success with biometrics, there are still a number of challenges to be solved and new opportunities for biometric person recognition. The quality of the generated biometric data may not be appropriate for automatic person recognition, particularly if the subject is resistant or the biometric data is obtained in an uncontrolled environment. It is likely that the biological evidence gathered from a crime scene is of low quality, which makes this especially true for crime-scene investigations.
Keywords: Forensic, Fraud, Investigation, Crime, Technology, Identification. Biometric, Financial, Cyber-Crime, Commercial Crime.
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Reconsidering the conventional reconstruction mechanism of a crime scene: Exploring forensic photography
Rakgetse John Mokwena
University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 99-108, 2024
Posted on November 06, 2024
Abstract: The prosecutors, defence attorneys and magistrates involved in the litigation process of a crime do not have the opportunity to be at the crime scene. Therefore, recording and documenting the crime scene permits the court of law to have a true reflection of the crime scene in a small and manageable size. This takes place in various forms, such as the taking of crime scene photographs, a plan drawn according to scale (or a rough sketch and sketch plan), the taking of notes, and even video recordings of the crime scene – either in three dimensions (3D) or using a hand-held video camera.
The purpose of this article is to explore how detectives and crime scene technicians (CSTs) are currently conducting crime scene reconstructions of murder crime scenes by adopting forensic photography, and how forensic photography could be used for this purpose. To increase understanding of the phenomenon, qualitative research driven by an empirical design was used to collect data from police detectives in the Durban area of policing.
The findings suggest that detectives and crime scene technicians are not doing everything in their power to use forensic photography to reconstruct crime scenes. The researchers therefore recommend that the South African Police Service’s (SAPS) detectives and crime scene technicians adopt the fundamentals of forensic photography when reconstructing murder crime scenes. The SAPS detectives and crime scene technicians should also attend extensive training and be provided with sufficient resources. The article’s findings and recommendations reply to the questions of the legal and criminal justice fraternity about true reflections of what transpired during the commission of a crime.
Keywords: crime scene investigations, reconstruction, forensic science, forensic photography, three-dimensional (3D)
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Community perspective on the effectiveness of the criminal justice system against illicit drugs in South Africa
Petrus Machethe 1, Jacob Tseko Mofokeng 2
1 College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa,Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, 002, South Africa.
2 Faculty of Humanities, Department of Safety and Security Management,
Tshwane University of Technology, 2 Aubrey Matlakala Street, Soshanguve – K, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 109-122, 2024.
Posted on November 07, 2024
Abstract : Little is known regarding the performance of the criminal justice system (CJS) in South Africa to adequately respond to, the demand and supply of illicit drugs in South Africa. The research question that guided this study is: What are the views of the people on effectiveness of the CJS to reduce the demand and supply of illicit drugs in South Africa? In pursuit of the objectives of the study, the research paradigm was rooted in positivism. Consequently, a quantitative approach was adopted and a cross-sectional design was employed. Through convenience sampling, 130 respondents were recruited at taxi ranks in the Gauteng Province. The findings demonstrate that among others, community were of the view that some of the South African Police Service (SAPS) officials are involved in the trafficking of illicit drugs in their respective communities. Furthermore, the respondents consider the SAPS officials collude with drug dealers, thus overlook criminality perpetuated in their communities. The findings of this study identified probable better approaches to reduce production, distribution and sale of illicit drug if more coordinated and annually planned actions by the CJS stakeholders in South Africa.
Keywords: Community perceptive, criminal justice system, illicit drugs, South Africa
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Policy Analysis on Border Trade between Indonesia and Malaysia
Septania Rubi Prameswari 1, Muhammad Zilal Hamzah 2, Eleonora Sofilda 3
1,2,3 Public Policy Studies, Faculty of Economics & Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia
1The Foreign Policy Strategy Agency, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 13-136, 2024
Posted on November 07, 2024
Abstract: This research aims to: (i). Examining the border trade relationship between North Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Sabah (Malaysia) with bilateral trade between Indonesia and Malaysia; (ii). To Examine and analyze the factors that influence border trade between North Kalimantan and Sabah; and (iii). Analyze public policies that can help increase trade in the North Kalimantan-Sabah border.
The methodology used in this research is a qualitative approach through Focus Group Discussion (FGD) processed with NVivo and a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach.
Based on the results of the NVivo and SLR approach, this research found: (i). Lack of infrastructure availability is the main problem that causes the border trade relationship between Indonesia and Malaysia in North Kalimantan and Sabah not equal; (ii). The factors influencing bilateral trade between North Kalimantan and Sabah are the availability of infrastructure, integration of policies between countries, government budget allocation, infrastructure investment, availability of basic goods, development of industrial areas, and development of buffer (border) areas; (iii). To develop the main infrastructures in North Kalimantan, funding on budget constraints can be provided through various investment schemes which will boost the international trade at the border of North Kalimantan and Sabah.
This research recommends: (i). The Indonesian government must focus on infrastructure development policies (electricity, roads, telecommunications, logistics) as well as budget commitments to increase border trade; (ii). Carrying out diplomatic discussions on border trade regulations with Malaysia to avoid disintegrating border trade regulatory policies between countries; and (iii). Public Private Partnership (PPP) investment is needed for the funding of building processing industries in North Kalimantan.
There was vast research on bilateral trade relations between Indonesia and Malaysia where both countries have various bilateral cooperation and agreements to regulate bilateral trade. This research is unique because the research area of this study focuses on the border between North Kalimantan Province (Indonesia) with Sabah (Malaysia) and analyzes using NVivo and SLR approaches.
Keywords: Cross Border Trade, Bilateral Trade Agreement, Infrastructure, Economic Regional Cooperation, Public Private Partnership.
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Bridging the gap: Unpacking the role of the SAPS Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre in advancing Evidence-Based Policing in South Africa
Mpho Maboa 1, Juanida Horne 2
1,2 College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 137-150, 2024.
Posted on November 08, 2024.
Abstract: South Africa is grappling with escalating crime rates, its quarterly statistics show increases in both violent and property-related crimes. Despite continuous efforts by the South African Police Service (SAPS) to refine policing strategies, the country continues to face high crime levels. In the 21st century, evidence-based policing (EBP) has become an essential tool, as it emphasises research in formulating effective crime reduction strategies and addresses internal police issues. EBP aids law enforcement in identifying and implementing suitable strategies for specific situations, thus complementing existing policing models.
This paper examines the role of the Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre (CIMAC) in promoting EBP within the SAPS. Using a qualitative approach, data was collected through an extensive literature review, and through in-depth interviews with SAPS officials, CIMAC members at station level, and members of the Crime Registrar at provincial and national levels. Additionally, insights from two international participants provided a global perspective on the use of crime analysis units in crime prevention and reduction. This paper highlights the benefits of integrating EBP within law enforcement by focusing on the CIMAC’s role in advancing EBP within the SAPS. EBP enhances policing professionalism by establishing a robust evidence base and by fostering tailored, innovative solutions to real-world challenges. Successful EBP implementation within the SAPS requires leveraging the CIMAC’s capabilities through a comprehensive approach.
This paper’s findings reveal that the CIMAC’s role in advancing EBP includes problem identification, knowledge management, insight sharing, needs identification, research prospect analysis, and trust-building among researchers, the community, and the police. The CIMAC’s involvement in EBP offers several advantages including them leading the adoption of EBP at police stations, thereby ensuring accountability and effectiveness through rigorous monitoring and evaluation, and fostering collaboration among researchers, police officials, and CIMAC analysts. Furthermore, the CIMAC empowers frontline police officers to engage in research activities, thus enhancing internal evaluation capabilities. The CIMAC also plays a crucial role in translating research evidence into actionable insights and facilitating informed decision-making within law enforcement. Enhanced communication between the CIMAC and operational members reduces resistance to research products, and fosters a culture of evidence utilisation within the SAPS.
The paper provides recommendations to maximise the CIMAC’s effectiveness in EBP, including the development of tailored research methodologies, the proposal of a cohesive collaboration between CIMAC and EBP stakeholders, and the integration of intelligence-driven approaches into policing practices. It further underscores the importance of transparent reporting frameworks, standardised procedures and adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs) to facilitate EBP implementation across all levels of law enforcement. In conclusion, the paper outlines the benefits of using the CIMAC as a catalyst for change within SAPS and offers recommendations for its effective utilisation in advancing evidence-based policing.
Keywords: Crime analysis, Crime Information Management and Analysis Centre (CIMAC), Crime prevention, Crime statistics, Evidence Based Policing (EBP)
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The Mitigation Mechanisms of Climate Change in The South African Context
Rakgetse John Mokwena
University of South Africa, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 151-156, 2024
Posted on November 08, 2024
Abstract: South African climate change is unique and takes three forms: excessive heat, floods and sporadic wildfires. Climate change is not only affecting human beings; it is a challenge across the board. The challenges apply to nature, the environment and any creature in the universe. However, the main role player in managing this appropriately remains human beings. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the mitigating mechanisms of climate change in South Africa.
From the non-empirical research design, i.e. a systematic review standpoint, the researchers analysed historical overview patterns of rainfall, droughts, floods and heatwaves in the South African context. For data collection, documentary sources were used qualitatively. Non-probability purposive sampling was adopted to outline keywords/phrases to filter information relevant to the study purposes and the research problem, restricted to 10 years in the literature. Textual analysis was adopted for data analysis.
It was established that the climate condition challenges manifest differently in the nine South African provinces. Each of these provinces experiences different types of climate change challenges. South Africa has two main economic challenges related to climate based on water shortages and the electricity crisis. The results also show that South Africa sources electricity from Mozambique and water from Lesotho and human beings are liable for the proper control and sustainable mitigation mechanisms of these scarce basic needs. They do not conserve the environment properly, further affecting other creatures negatively. Their actions are very toxic to this environment, creating other severe challenges to climate change.
This paper recommends mitigation processes to overcome climate change challenges in South Africa by harvesting energy and water. This will turn South African climate change challenges into viable economic growth opportunities by using the two main challenges of floods and excessive heat in a beneficial way.
Keywords: Climate change [drought and heatwave], Environment, Electricity, Mitigation mechanisms, Solar energy, South African context
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The root causes and extent of domestic violence in the Tshitale rural area of South Africa: An ongoing struggle for a feasible solution
Rirhandzu Phyllis Hlungwane 1 , Petrus Machethe 2
1,2 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 157-168, 2024
Posted on November 09, 2024.
Abstract: This paper explores domestic violence in the Tshitale policing area in Limpopo province, South Africa. The Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 provides for the protection of victims of domestic violence, while the 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa provides for the security of a person, and the right to equality and freedom of a person. The way in which police officials deal with cases of domestic violence raises questions about whether they are truly capable of dealing with such crimes. While they can differentiate between crimes associated with domestic violence and other criminal activities, the failure by members of the South African Police Service (SAPS) to protect victims of domestic violence not only results in a denial of justice, but also violates the fundamental rights of women in particular. This study adopted a qualitative research method to collect data through a literature review and face-to-face interviews. Purposive sampling was used to arrive at a sample size of 19 participants, which comprised Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (DoJ & CD) members (all from the Tshitale Magistrate’s Court), traditional leaders, community leaders, social workers, SAPS officers based in the Tshitale Policing Area, and a leader of a faith-based organisation. The findings revealed that several myths made up the root causes of domestic violence, namely 1) if a man does not batter his wife, he does not love her, and 2) men need not listen to a woman’s opinions. Alcohol abuse was identified as exacerbating domestic violence in the area. The researchers recommend that men and women be educated about the dangers of abusing alcohol within the family setting. Drinkers should drink responsibly, and not use alcohol as a scapegoat to justify domestic violence. Furthermore, spiritual leaders should urge men to change their patriarchal ways of treating women. Social services should be prioritised for counselling families, and traditional leaders should gather the men of the community and instruct them to change their ways, to stop mistreating their wives.
Keywords: Alcohol abuse, Domestic violence, Education, Patriarchy, Tshitale Policing Area
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Registered Nurses’ Experiences in managing Priority programmes during the COVID 19 pandemic in Rural provinces of South Africa: A Primary health care case Study
Sheillah Hlamalani Mboweni
Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Preller Street, Muckleneuk, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 169-184, 2024
Posted on November 09, 2024.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on healthcare systems worldwide, including the management of priority programmes aimed at achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) of good health and wellbeing. Primary Health Care Nurses (PHCNs) play a crucial role in the delivery of healthcare services, particularly in rural areas where access to specialised care may be limited. The abrupt onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the neglect and disruption of the management of key programmes, as attention swiftly pivoted towards infectious diseases. In South Africa, the national health department aims to reduce maternal, neonatal, and child mortality rates, prevent premature deaths due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs), achieve universal health coverage through national health insurance, control HIV and tuberculosis, and promote mental health and well-being as key programmes. Unfortunately, the advancement of these programs was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in rural provinces. These worsened the burden of diseases. The disruption of services at the Primary Healthcare level, which is the cornerstone of health services, is a cause for concern, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This region is already burdened by diseases and faces resource shortages, exacerbating the challenges faced in providing adequate care. This situation prompts inquiries to obtain lived experiences of Registered Nurses (RNs) in primary healthcare regarding this matter. This research article aims to explore the experiences of RNs in managing priority programmes during the COVID-19 pandemic and examine their contribution to promoting sustainable rural development through primary health care in rural provinces of South Africa. A qualitative interpretive phenomenological research design was employed, utilising audiotaped semi-structured interviews with RNs who had been purposively selected from high-volume PHC facilities from rural areas. The study included 29 RNs, and with this sample, data saturation was attained. Thematic analysis was conducted, and the study revealed three themes: Challenges faced by RNs during the COVID-19 pandemic, innovative solutions in managing chronic diseases and other priority programmes, and the role of Primary Healthcare in promoting sustainable rural development.
The study emphasises the importance of the implementation of chronic care models, community engagement, health education and awareness, and multidisciplinary collaboration while embracing the spirit of ubuntu. The research concludes by highlighting the significance of supporting RNs in their efforts to manage priority programmes and advocating for the integration of primary healthcare services in rural development strategies to achieve the SDG 3, Universal health coverage and reduce health inequalities.
Keywords: Primary healthcare, nurses, chronic diseases, COVID-19 pandemic, sustainable rural development
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Promoting Intra-African Trade Through Agenda 2063 to Accelerate Continental Economic Growth for Sustainable Development
Sello Selelo
College of Law, School of Law, Department of Public, Constitutional and International Law,
University of South Africa, Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 185-194, 2024
Posted on November 16, 2024
Abstract: Agenda 2063 document is regarded as Africa’s progressive plan to root out socio-economic challenges facing the continent of Africa. Agenda 2063 is not just dream, however, it is the continent’s strategic framework that aims to deliver on its goal for inclusive and sustainable development and is a concrete manifestation of the Pan-African drive for unity, self-determination, freedom, progress and collective prosperity pursued under Pan-Africanism and African Renaissance. The pushing factor to Agenda 2063 was the realisation by Africa that there was a need to refocus and reprioritise Africa’s agenda from the struggle against colonialism and the attainment of political independence for the continent which had been the focus of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the predecessor of the African Union; and instead to prioritise inclusive social and economic development, continental and regional integration, democratic governance and peace and security amongst other issues aimed at repositioning Africa to becoming a dominant player in the global arena. The realization of the African continent potential to become a global powerhouse in terms of rapidly achieving sustainable development goals is through the promotion of Intra-African trade. The paper will argue that for Africa to achieve all sustainable development goals as enshrined in Agenda 2063, there is a need for African continent to shift more focus from external trading partners and promote intra-African trade. The paper will further argue that through the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), Africa can rapidly achieve its own sustainable development goals if the pact is to be fully implemented accordingly.
Keywords: Economy, Growth, Regional Integration, Trade, Sustainable Development, African Union
The impact of crime scene contamination by police officers in unsolved housebreaking cases in the Honeydew policing area, South Africa
Glensinah Mabareki Lesese 1, Petrus Machethe 2, Rakgetse John Mokwena 3
1,2,3 Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 195-208, 2024.
Posted on November 17, 2024.
Abstract: Unsolved housebreaking cases are a major cause for concern in South Africa. The number of burglaries has increased in the Honeydew policing area in the province of Gauteng, South Africa, with community members regularly complaining about housebreaks. However, reported cases frequently remain unsolved, which raises the question of the impact of police officers’ crime scene contamination on the resolution of housebreaking cases. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the impact of police officers’ crime scene contamination on the resolution of housebreaking cases in specifically the Honeydew policing area. A qualitative research approach was followed to address the research problem and substantiate the research findings. That included a literature review, and oral, face-to-face interviews conducted with detectives and visible policing officers in charge of housebreaking crime scenes, among other things, in the target area. Research participants were purposely chosen from various focus groups, including South African Police Service (SAPS) detectives and uniform police officers attached to the SAPS Visible Policing (VISPOL) unit. The article’s objectives were met by using semi-structured interviews for data collection. The findings of this article reveal that police officers who attend to housebreaking crime scenes in the Honeydew policing area often lack knowledge about securing a crime scene, which results in the contamination of such scenes. Unfortunately, that happens in similar cases throughout South Africa, which raises the question of whether police officers receive adequate training in crime scene management and evidence preservation. Evidence contamination can harm an investigation. This article recommends that detectives and VISPOL officers at the Honeydew police station be kept up to date with the contents of SAPS National Instruction 1 of 2015, which outlines the roles of crime scene supervisors and examiners. This will provide them with critical knowledge about and skills for crime scene management, process planning and implementation, and assist in eliminating housebreaking crime scene contamination by police officers, as that carries significant weight in the execution of their daily duties.
Keywords: Crime Scene Contamination, Evidence, Housebreaking, Physical evidence, Police Officers
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Rethinking development: The informal sector’s role in transforming South Africa’s economy
Anuoluwapo Durokifa
School of Public Management, Governance and Public Policy,
University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 12, Pg. 209-220, 2024.
Posted on November 18, 2024.
Abstract: The informal sector plays a pivotal yet often underestimated role in shaping South Africa’s economic landscape. Despite government recognition, this sector remains undervalued and underutilized, impeding its potential impact. Thus, using a comprehensive desktop study, this study delves into the multifaceted role of the informal sector in South Africa’s economy, examining its dynamics, challenges, and potential for transformative change. It uncovers the dynamic nature of informal enterprises, emphasizing their contributions to employment generation, poverty alleviation, and social inclusion. The study went ahead to identify key challenges and constraints hindering the sector’s full realization of its developmental potential across economic, social, and environmental dimensions. The study also highlighted strategies for harnessing the transformative power of the informal sector towards South Africa’s economy. The study recommended a collaborative working relationship between the Envisioning a collaborative future that integrates both formal and informal economies, the study offers insights into reimagining development in South Africa. To conclude, by acknowledging the innovation, and dynamism of informal enterprises and by adopting policies and interventions that formalize, integrate, and empower this sector, South Africa can chart a promising path towards development.
Keywords: Development; Economic Growth; Formalization; Informal Sector; South Africa
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