OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development
Open-access peer-reviewed journal
Intelligence Gathering Process: Securing Public Protests, Gatherings and Major Events
Mokopane Charles Marakalala
College of Law, School of Criminal Justice, Department of Police Practice, University of South Africa, Preller Street Muckleneuk Ridge, Pretoria, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 09, Pg. 11-22, 2024.
Abstract. Protests are viewed as a way for citizens to make their voices heard by their governments. In South Africa, protests are common, which may indicate that the population has many demands. During protests, there is a lot of concern for people’s lives to be safe (United Nations, 2011:34). Therefore, the police are routinely called in to guarantee that protests are calm. Sadly, lives are frequently lost during the supposedly nonviolent protests. Understanding why so many people die at the hands of the police during protests in South Africa is the driving force behind this research. The main aim of research is to determine whether actions are required to lower the high rate of protest-related fatalities.
The forensic intelligence must immediately evaluate its existing regime and operational approach to the intelligence gathering of public protests and riots in order to provide momentum and assure conformity with the Bill of Rights, the Constitution, national legislation, and international norms. Relevant legislation, including the Constitution (Bill of Rights) and standing orders appears to re-affirm the international position on the use of lethal force. In fact, the standing order goes so far in prescribing the kind of weapons and ammunition allowed to be used during public protests or gatherings (Verma, Das, Abraham, 2013:54).
Keywords: Intelligence, gathering, securing, public protests, challenges, major events.
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The role of in-situ upgrading of informal settlements in the creation of sustainable livelihoods. The case of Havelock, Durban, South Africa
Malibongwe Ngobese 1, Godfrey Musvoto 2
1,2 Department of Town and Regional Planning, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa.
Volume 17, Issue 09, Pg. 23-40, 2024.
Abstract: Since the turn of the 21st century, upgrading initiatives in informal settlements have emerged as central pillars of pro-poor housing policies in the developing countries. This occurs in a context where African countries such as South Africa have witnessed exponential growth in informal settlements over the past few decades, partly because of institutional failure to address poverty, and also to meet the ever-increasing demand for affordable housing in the face of rapid urbanization and urban growth. Likewise, upgrading initiatives in informal settlements have emerged with a view to creating sustainable livelihoods by addressing chronic deprivation among informal settlements dwellers. This article is premised on the fact that although in-situ upgrading initiatives have been widely employed in the attempt to address poverty among informal dwellers in many African cities, the role of these initiatives in the creation of sustainable livelihoods is subject to ongoing debate. Using the case study of Havelock informal settlement in-situ upgrading initiative, this paper investigates the ways and extent to which in-situ informal settlement upgrading initiatives enhance sustainable livelihoods among beneficiary households and communities. A mixed methods research design based on key informant qualitative interviews, household surveys and transect walks was used as the primary data collection tool and technique. The main findings of this paper are that for informal settlement upgrading initiatives to enhance sustainable livelihoods, they need to be gender sensitive and they also need to prioritize the provision of infrastructure that addresses the most pressing vulnerabilities of informal communities and income generating initiatives. In addition, the research also notes that informal settlement upgrading initiatives require the buy-in and support of the adjacent formal neighbourhoods for them to enhance livelihoods that are integrated with the local neighbourhood context.
Keywords: Havelock informal settlement, Informal settlements, informal settlements upgrading, in-situ upgrading of informal settlements, sustainable livelihoods.
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